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... Research (NIHR), was set up in 1993. It produces high-quality research information on the costs, effectiveness and broader impact of health technologies for those who use, manage and provide care in the NHS. ‘Health technologies’ are broadly defined to include all interventions used to promote healt ...
Mannitol dry powder for inhalation for treating cystic fibrosis
Mannitol dry powder for inhalation for treating cystic fibrosis

... In the DPM-CF-301 trial, for people using rhDNase, the incidence of PDPE (over the 26-week time horizon of the trial) was 27.6% for adults randomised to mannitol compared with 36.4% in the control group. For adults who could not use rhDNase because of ineligibility, intolerance or inadequate respons ...
Clinical Policy Bulletin: Varicose Veins
Clinical Policy Bulletin: Varicose Veins

... stockings should be carefully fitted to the individual, providing the most pressure in the lowest part of the leg. The stockings should be put on when first arising in the morning, preferably before getting out of bed. Exercise such as walking or cycling also helps promote better circulation from th ...
selected medicinal plants - E
selected medicinal plants - E

... should be set in accordance with national requirements by the appropriate authorities of Member States. Each medicinal plant and the specific plant part used as crude drug material contains active or major chemical constituents with a characteristic profile that can be used for chemical quality contro ...
Full Prescribing Information
Full Prescribing Information

... DYSPORT® for glabellar lines is not recommended for use in pediatric patients less than 18 years of age [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. Instructions for Preparation and Administration for the Treatment of Glabellar Lines DYSPORT® is supplied as a single-use vial. Only use sterile preservative- ...
Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (Review)
Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (Review)

... (at 0.12% and 0.2% strength) reduced the risk of having a dry socket. Placing chlorhexidine gel (0.2% strength) in the socket of an extracted tooth also reduced the risk of having dry socket. The risk of developing dry socket depends on many factors, some of which are unknown. Your dentist or dental ...
Barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C treatment for people who inject
Barriers and facilitators to hepatitis C treatment for people who inject

... frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference ...
H1 results 2015 clinical trials appendix PDF 2198KB
H1 results 2015 clinical trials appendix PDF 2198KB

... Pulmicort Turbuhaler 200 μg bid • Arm 2: Pulmicort 200 μg Turbuhaler bid + terbutaline 0.4 mg Turbuhaler 'as needed' • Arm 3: terbutaline Turbuhaler 0.4 mg 'as needed' + placebo Pulmicort 200 μg Turbuhaler bid ...
Product Monograph
Product Monograph

... and monitored regularly during treatment. Patients should be told to consult their doctors if they have symptoms associated with acute severe hypertension, such as headache (particularly in the back of head/neck when waking up), stronger heart beat and possibly more rapid, palpitations, dizziness, e ...
specialist discussion guide
specialist discussion guide

... -------------------------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE------------------------------------------DYSPORT® is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and a neuromuscular blocking agent indicated for: • The treatment of adults with cervical dystonia (1.1) • The temporary improvement in the appea ...
HOMEOPATHIC FAMILY MEDICINE - Homeopathic Educational
HOMEOPATHIC FAMILY MEDICINE - Homeopathic Educational

... As important as research is to knowing if something works or not, please know that just because there may not be formal studies published on the homeopathic treatment of a specific disease does NOT mean that homeopathy isn’t helpful in treating people who suffer from this ailment. In fact, because a ...
Breo Ellipta
Breo Ellipta

... acute symptoms of asthma or COPD (i.e., as rescue therapy for the treatment of acute episodes of bronchospasm). Patients should be prescribed a rapid onset, short duration inhaled bronchodilator (e.g., salbutamol) to relieve acute symptoms such as shortness of breath, and advised to have this availa ...
Ponv in children - UC San Diego Department of Anesthesiology
Ponv in children - UC San Diego Department of Anesthesiology

... antiemetic prophylaxis. The management approach is multifactorial and involves proper preoperative preparation, risk stratification, rational selection of antiemetic prophylaxis, choice of anesthesia technique, and a plan for postoperative antiemetic therapy. It is important to identify children at ...
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH PrCIALIS
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH PrCIALIS

... Of the total number of subjects in ED clinical studies of tadalafil, approximately 19 percent were 65 and over, while approximately 2 percent were 75 and over. Of the total number of subjects in BPH clinical studies of tadalafil (including the ED/BPH study), approximately 40 percent were over 65, wh ...


... Clinical audit A systematic process for setting and monitoring standards of clinical care. Whereas ‘guidelines’ define what the best clinical practice should be, ‘audit’ investigates whether best practice is being carried out. Clinical audit can be described as a cycle or spiral. Within the cycle t ...
exenatide - Therapeutic Goods Administration
exenatide - Therapeutic Goods Administration

... observed during meal challenge tests at weeks 4 and 30. In insulin comparator trials, exenatide reduced postprandial glucose excursions more than insulin glargine or biphasic insulin aspart, while insulin glargine reduced fasting glucose concentrations (p<0.0001) more than exenatide. Patients treate ...
The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines
The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines

... authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on  maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.  The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that  they are endorsed or recom ...
Guidelines for the management of alopecia areata
Guidelines for the management of alopecia areata

... patients with a small number of circumscribed patches of hair loss.3 Data from secondary and tertiary referral centres are less favourable indicating that 34–50% of patients will recover within 1 year. Almost all will experience more than one episode of the disease, and 14–25% progress to total loss ...
An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Goji
An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Goji

... CLINICAL BOTTOM LINE/EFFECTIVENESS ...
Supplement to Olivier Lortholary, et al., “Masitinib for
Supplement to Olivier Lortholary, et al., “Masitinib for

... NAME OF FINISHED PRODUCT: MASITINIB ...
Salmeterol + Fluticasone propionate
Salmeterol + Fluticasone propionate

... No significant differences were seen with regard to the primary parameter, the total distance during set activities. No new safety signal was detected. Assessor’s comment: This was a small and rather short pilot study, which was inconclusive as regards the primary endpoint. MPEF as well as ePEF were ...
Drug Class Review on Constipation Drugs
Drug Class Review on Constipation Drugs

... both at times) and with a change in the consistency or frequency of stools. Other associated symptoms may include bloating, urgency, and/or a feeling of incomplete evacuation. Although symptoms tend to occur in clusters, individual symptoms may also occur sequentially and they may vary in type, loca ...
needle information for flexible and rigid cystoscopes
needle information for flexible and rigid cystoscopes

... clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) prior to injection, required catheterization for urinary retention following treatment with BOTOX® (onabotulinumtoxinA) 200 Units as compared to 6.7% of patients (7/104) treated with placebo. The median duration of post-injection catheterization for these pat ...
Product Information: Botulinum toxin, type A
Product Information: Botulinum toxin, type A

... Baseline characteristics were similar between the treatment groups in both studies: pooled mean age 60 years, 87.8% female, 90.9% Caucasian, 13.7% diabetic patients, mean 5.4 daily episodes of urinary incontinence, mean 11.7 daily episodes of micturition and mean 8.6 daily average urgency episodes. ...
MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 5/2007
MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 5/2007

... migraine alone. This would bring headache into the ten most disabling conditions overall and into the five most disabling for women. In Singapore, the overall lifetime prevalence of headache was found to be ...
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Placebo-controlled study



Placebo-controlled studies are a way of testing a medical therapy in which, in addition to a group of subjects that receives the treatment to be evaluated, a separate control group receives a sham ""placebo"" treatment which is specifically designed to have no real effect. Placebos are most commonly used in blinded trials, where subjects do not know whether they are receiving real or placebo treatment. Often, there is also a further ""natural history"" group that does not receive any treatment at all.The purpose of the placebo group is to account for the placebo effect, that is, effects from treatment that do not depend on the treatment itself. Such factors include knowing one is receiving a treatment, attention from health care professionals, and the expectations of a treatment's effectiveness by those running the research study. Without a placebo group to compare against, it is not possible to know whether the treatment itself had any effect.Patients frequently show improvement even when given a sham or ""fake"" treatment. Such intentionally inert placebo treatments can take many forms, such as a pill containing only sugar, a surgery where nothing efficacious is actually done (just an incision and sometimes some minor touching or handling of the underlying structures), or a medical device (such as an ultrasound machine) that is not actually turned on. Also, due to the body's natural healing ability and statistical effects such as regression to the mean, many patients will get better even when given no treatment at all. Thus, the relevant question when assessing a treatment is not ""does the treatment work?"" but ""does the treatment work better than a placebo treatment, or no treatment at all?"" As one early clinical trial researcher wrote, ""the first object of a therapeutic trial is to discover whether the patients who receive the treatment under investigation are cured more rapidly, more completely or more frequently, than they would have been without it.""p.195 More broadly, the aim of a clinical trial is to determine what treatments, delivered in what circumstances, to which patients, in what conditions, are the most effective.Therefore, the use of placebos is a standard control component of most clinical trials, which attempt to make some sort of quantitative assessment of the efficacy of medicinal drugs or treatments. Such a test or clinical trial is called a placebo-controlled study, and its control is of the negative type. A study whose control is a previously tested treatment, rather than no treatment, is called a positive-control study, because its control is of the positive type.Government regulatory agencies approve new drugs only after tests establish not only that patients respond to them, but also that their effect is greater than that of a placebo (by way of affecting more patients, by affecting responders more strongly, or both). As a result, ""placebo-controlled studies often are designed in such a way that disadvantages the placebo condition"".
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