Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... named according to their most frequent sites of recording in animals.3 Functional brain imaging offers the opportunity to study the brain structures, at the cortical and subcortical levels (not easily accessible through standard scalp EEG recordings), that participate in the generation or propagatio ...
... named according to their most frequent sites of recording in animals.3 Functional brain imaging offers the opportunity to study the brain structures, at the cortical and subcortical levels (not easily accessible through standard scalp EEG recordings), that participate in the generation or propagatio ...
Generation of Rapid Eye Movements during Paradoxical Sleep in
... addition to the presence of REMs, PS was always easily recognized by the low-voltage rapid activity on EEG recording as well as by muscular atonia and twitches. To facilitate the comparison with the data from a previous PET study targeting the relationship between ocular movements and metabolism dur ...
... addition to the presence of REMs, PS was always easily recognized by the low-voltage rapid activity on EEG recording as well as by muscular atonia and twitches. To facilitate the comparison with the data from a previous PET study targeting the relationship between ocular movements and metabolism dur ...
Sleep and sleep states: Thalamic regulation
... 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. They are enhanced by some anesthetics, such as barbi ...
... 7–14 Hz oscillations, organized within a waxingand-waning envelope, that recur periodically every 10–20 s. In cats and rodents, spindle waves of similar characteristics appear during slow-wave sleep and are typically more prominent at sleep onset. They are enhanced by some anesthetics, such as barbi ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... Sleep medicine physicians often encounter questions that require an understanding of the neurobiology of sleep: How do certain brain injuries produce coma or hypersomnolence? Why do antidepressants often reduce REM sleep? Why do people with narcolepsy have trouble staying awake? How do amphetamines ...
... Sleep medicine physicians often encounter questions that require an understanding of the neurobiology of sleep: How do certain brain injuries produce coma or hypersomnolence? Why do antidepressants often reduce REM sleep? Why do people with narcolepsy have trouble staying awake? How do amphetamines ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... of wakefulness. The possibility was considered that a background of maintained activity within this ascending brain stem activating system may account for wakefulness, while reduction of its activity either naturally, by barbiturates or by experimental injury and disease, may respectively precipitat ...
... of wakefulness. The possibility was considered that a background of maintained activity within this ascending brain stem activating system may account for wakefulness, while reduction of its activity either naturally, by barbiturates or by experimental injury and disease, may respectively precipitat ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... neurons medial or dorsal to the cell cluster caused smaller changes in NREM sleep time (24.5 or 15%, respectively) but were more closely associated with loss of REM sleep (r ⫽ 0.74; p ⬍ 0.01). The insomnia caused by bilateral VLPO lesions persisted for at least 3 weeks. Lesions of the VLPO caused no ...
... neurons medial or dorsal to the cell cluster caused smaller changes in NREM sleep time (24.5 or 15%, respectively) but were more closely associated with loss of REM sleep (r ⫽ 0.74; p ⬍ 0.01). The insomnia caused by bilateral VLPO lesions persisted for at least 3 weeks. Lesions of the VLPO caused no ...
sleep disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric disease
... a troubled mind, an intrusion of mental activity into the quiescence of sleep. Historically, this vein has fueled much of the interest in the relationship between sleep and mental disorders until the discovery of electrophysiologically defined sleep stages, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) slee ...
... a troubled mind, an intrusion of mental activity into the quiescence of sleep. Historically, this vein has fueled much of the interest in the relationship between sleep and mental disorders until the discovery of electrophysiologically defined sleep stages, particularly rapid eye movement (REM) slee ...
Author`s personal copy - Sleep, Stress, and Memory Lab
... Fig. 3B). Critically, another group of subjects was sleep deprived on the first night after training. These subjects were allowed 2 full nights of recovery sleep before being retested 3 days later. The subjects failed to show any residual learning, suggesting that performance enhancements depend on ...
... Fig. 3B). Critically, another group of subjects was sleep deprived on the first night after training. These subjects were allowed 2 full nights of recovery sleep before being retested 3 days later. The subjects failed to show any residual learning, suggesting that performance enhancements depend on ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... and superior central raphe nuclei, cell groups located ventral to the cerebral aqueduct along the midline of the brainstem. Ascending fibers travel primarily in a paramedian position trough the midbrain reticular formation and ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the diencephalon, where they enter the me ...
... and superior central raphe nuclei, cell groups located ventral to the cerebral aqueduct along the midline of the brainstem. Ascending fibers travel primarily in a paramedian position trough the midbrain reticular formation and ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the diencephalon, where they enter the me ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... is most often associated with increased whole body oxygen consumption [78,79]. In this latter case, however, it depends on how close ambient temperature is to the thermoneutral range, as REM sleep is a state where temperature is partially unregulated [79]. Overall, whereas it is possible that energy ...
... is most often associated with increased whole body oxygen consumption [78,79]. In this latter case, however, it depends on how close ambient temperature is to the thermoneutral range, as REM sleep is a state where temperature is partially unregulated [79]. Overall, whereas it is possible that energy ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key contribution in the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in th ...
... hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.35-37 A key contribution in the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in th ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... hours of sleep deprivation using the weaker mechanical stimulus. Young and mature flies both showed significant sleep rebound, even under conditions in which young flies lost less sleep during deprivation (Fig. 1E). These results demonstrate a high sleep need during early post-eclosion development. ...
... hours of sleep deprivation using the weaker mechanical stimulus. Young and mature flies both showed significant sleep rebound, even under conditions in which young flies lost less sleep during deprivation (Fig. 1E). These results demonstrate a high sleep need during early post-eclosion development. ...
Reduced thalamic and pontine connectivity in Kleine–Levin
... cognitive disturbances, such as binge eating, delusions, and memory problems (3, 4). Structural neuroimaging and inter-episodic EEG are usually normal. However, functional neuroimaging shows frontotemporal and thalamic abnormality that indicate complex disruptions in thalamocortical networks in epis ...
... cognitive disturbances, such as binge eating, delusions, and memory problems (3, 4). Structural neuroimaging and inter-episodic EEG are usually normal. However, functional neuroimaging shows frontotemporal and thalamic abnormality that indicate complex disruptions in thalamocortical networks in epis ...
Biological Rhythms
... conditions were unusual in other ways than simply lacking time signals, and other factors such as loneliness could have affected his behaviour. • Similar studies have been done with rats, isolating them from daylight (Groblewski), and found a similar increase in the sleep-wake cycle, which supports ...
... conditions were unusual in other ways than simply lacking time signals, and other factors such as loneliness could have affected his behaviour. • Similar studies have been done with rats, isolating them from daylight (Groblewski), and found a similar increase in the sleep-wake cycle, which supports ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... NREM sleep, and not at all in REM sleep (McGinty and Harper, 1976), not a pattern consistent with the depletion data indicating an active role for serotonin in inducing NREM sleep. One possible resolution to this discrepancy is to postulate that serotonin has some action in wakefulness that facilita ...
... NREM sleep, and not at all in REM sleep (McGinty and Harper, 1976), not a pattern consistent with the depletion data indicating an active role for serotonin in inducing NREM sleep. One possible resolution to this discrepancy is to postulate that serotonin has some action in wakefulness that facilita ...
Biological Rhythms
... conditions were unusual in other ways than simply lacking time signals, and other factors such as loneliness could have affected his behaviour. • Similar studies have been done with rats, isolating them from daylight (Groblewski), and found a similar increase in the sleep-wake cycle, which supports ...
... conditions were unusual in other ways than simply lacking time signals, and other factors such as loneliness could have affected his behaviour. • Similar studies have been done with rats, isolating them from daylight (Groblewski), and found a similar increase in the sleep-wake cycle, which supports ...
Spontaneous Spike Activity of Spinoreticular Tract Neurons During
... whose axons project through the medial leminiscus are regulated only during the rapid eye movement (REM) portions of active sleep.14,15 We recently reported that sciatic nerve evoked field potentials recorded from fibers comprising the SRT and spinothalamic tracts (STT) are reduced throughout the st ...
... whose axons project through the medial leminiscus are regulated only during the rapid eye movement (REM) portions of active sleep.14,15 We recently reported that sciatic nerve evoked field potentials recorded from fibers comprising the SRT and spinothalamic tracts (STT) are reduced throughout the st ...
A mathematical model on REM-NREM cycle
... is often referred to as the two-process model of sleep-wake regulation. The two processes are: • circadian rhythm, also known as Process C, the regulation of the body’s internal processes and alertness levels which is governed by the internal biological or circadian clock; • sleep-wake homeostasis, ...
... is often referred to as the two-process model of sleep-wake regulation. The two processes are: • circadian rhythm, also known as Process C, the regulation of the body’s internal processes and alertness levels which is governed by the internal biological or circadian clock; • sleep-wake homeostasis, ...
Mammalian Sleep
... altricial species (e.g., lapse of thermoregulation), REM sleep may be a carryover from fetal life. ...
... altricial species (e.g., lapse of thermoregulation), REM sleep may be a carryover from fetal life. ...
A Non-pathologic State Resulting In A Decreased Ability To
... We are a nation of sleep deprived workers. Estimates suggest that many adult Americans are getting from 1.0 to 1.5 hours less sleep per night than needed. Weekly sleep debt accumulations of 5.0 to 7.5 hours are therefore possible. We attempt to recover from this sleep debt by “sleeping in” on weeke ...
... We are a nation of sleep deprived workers. Estimates suggest that many adult Americans are getting from 1.0 to 1.5 hours less sleep per night than needed. Weekly sleep debt accumulations of 5.0 to 7.5 hours are therefore possible. We attempt to recover from this sleep debt by “sleeping in” on weeke ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... tube for microdialysis and electrodes for recording the cortical EEG and electromyogram (EMG) have been published (Watson et al. 2007, 2008; Brevig et al. 2010). Briefly, isoflurane (2.5% for induction; 1.5–2.0% for maintenance; delivered in 100% O2) was used to anesthetize rats during surgery. Three ...
... tube for microdialysis and electrodes for recording the cortical EEG and electromyogram (EMG) have been published (Watson et al. 2007, 2008; Brevig et al. 2010). Briefly, isoflurane (2.5% for induction; 1.5–2.0% for maintenance; delivered in 100% O2) was used to anesthetize rats during surgery. Three ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... succeed each other in an apparently simple and well-defined manner: wake to light (stage 2) sleep to deep slow wave sleep then back to light (stage 2) sleep before entry into REM sleep or wake. As indicated later, this simplicity holds only when the data are averaged over many subjects, but it does ...
... succeed each other in an apparently simple and well-defined manner: wake to light (stage 2) sleep to deep slow wave sleep then back to light (stage 2) sleep before entry into REM sleep or wake. As indicated later, this simplicity holds only when the data are averaged over many subjects, but it does ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... 1998). A single gene encodes Hcrt, which is cleaved by proteolytic processing into two smaller peptides, hypocretin-1 (orexin A) and hypocretin-2 (orexin B) (De Lecea et al., 1998; Sakurai et al., 1998). Hypocretin/orexin-containing neurons project to the entire brain and spinal cord (De Lecea et al ...
... 1998). A single gene encodes Hcrt, which is cleaved by proteolytic processing into two smaller peptides, hypocretin-1 (orexin A) and hypocretin-2 (orexin B) (De Lecea et al., 1998; Sakurai et al., 1998). Hypocretin/orexin-containing neurons project to the entire brain and spinal cord (De Lecea et al ...
Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation induces an increase in
... areas rather than in large ones. There are significant differences in Achase activity among discrete regions (8). These differences are also observed in smaller brain areas such as discrete nuclei (9). Therefore, the small significant differences (11 to 15%) in enzyme activity obtained in our study ...
... areas rather than in large ones. There are significant differences in Achase activity among discrete regions (8). These differences are also observed in smaller brain areas such as discrete nuclei (9). Therefore, the small significant differences (11 to 15%) in enzyme activity obtained in our study ...
Ictal SPECT in patients with rapid eye movement
... parasomnia characterized by acting out dreams with screaming, hitting, thrashing and frequent self-injury. It has gained major attention because 81% of the patients with the idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder form convert within 10–15 years after onset to neurodegenerative disease such as Parki ...
... parasomnia characterized by acting out dreams with screaming, hitting, thrashing and frequent self-injury. It has gained major attention because 81% of the patients with the idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder form convert within 10–15 years after onset to neurodegenerative disease such as Parki ...
Sleep medicine
Sleep medicine is a medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. From the middle of the 20th century, research has provided increasing knowledge and answered many questions about sleep-wake functioning. The rapidly evolving field has become a recognized medical subspecialty in some countries. Dental sleep medicine also qualifies for board certification in some countries. Properly organized, minimum 12-month, postgraduate training programs are still being defined in the United States. In some countries, the sleep researchers and the physicians who treat patients may be the same people.The first sleep clinics in the United States were established in the 1970s by interested physicians and technicians; the study, diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea were their first tasks. As late as 1999, virtually any American physician, with no specific training in sleep medicine, could open a sleep laboratory.Disorders and disturbances of sleep are widespread and can have significant consequences for affected individuals as well as economic and other consequences for society. The US National Transportation Safety Board has, according to Dr. Charles Czeisler, member of the Institute of Medicine and Director of the Harvard University Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, discovered that the leading cause (31%) of fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes is fatigue-related with drugs and alcohol as the number two cause (29%). Sleep deprivation has also been a significant factor in dramatic accidents, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the nuclear incidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island and the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger.