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Class Agenda
Class Agenda

...  A program instruction is stored as a binary number. A binary number consists solely of the digits 0 and 1. For example, 01010011. The CPU can only process binary information. The binary number there may be either raw data or a program instruction. Under the stored program concept, there is no way ...
Introduction to Computers and Terminology
Introduction to Computers and Terminology

...  Manage the processes. Keeps track of which processes are active and in what order requests for services are processed.  Keeps track of the various storage locations…main memory, auxilliary storage, etc. ...
PPT
PPT

... • Different CPUs implement different sets of instructions. The set of instructions a particular CPU implements is an Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) – Examples: Intel 80x86 (Pentium 4), IBM/Motorola PowerPC (Macintosh), MIPS, Intel IA64, ... ...
Computers are smart!
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... – Turned-in work must be completely your own. – Common examples of cheating: running out of time on a assignment and then pick up output, take homework from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, … – You’re not allowed to work on homework/projec ...
Computer Hardware – System Unit
Computer Hardware – System Unit

... capital letter D is sent to the system unit.  The signal for the capital letter D is converted to its Unicode binary code (01000100) and is stored in memory for processing.  After processing, the binary code for the capital letter D is converted to an image, and displayed on the output device. ...
Mainframe computers are those which can handle 100 of user at a
Mainframe computers are those which can handle 100 of user at a

... 1.A computer is an electronic device which manipulates or transforms data. it accepts data, stores data, process data according to a set of instructions, and also retrieve the data when required. Hence it is known as a data processor. 2.The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magneti ...
Control unit
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... • The CPU executes instructions for the device as if it were in main memory. It executes a LOAD, or STORE, … But the address does not correspond to an address in main memory. The main memory is designed to ignore this instruction, while the particular controller is designed to respond to it. See Fig ...
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Outline

... Computer Architecture – Main Memory ...
Lecture 1 - Introduction to computing and computing history
Lecture 1 - Introduction to computing and computing history

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Intrduction - UniMAP Portal
Intrduction - UniMAP Portal

... signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out stored program instructions. • It does not execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. • Must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory. ...
COMPUTER´S MEMORY Paula Michelle
COMPUTER´S MEMORY Paula Michelle

... instruction and a few pieces of data at the time The computer divides each RAM chip into many equal-sized memory locations The central processing unit, is hardware component that executes the step on a software program ...
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Lecture 1

... What is a computer? • In general, a device designed to input and process data, produce output and store results based on a sequence of instructions. • Typically refers to digital computers – process data as numbers – mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers (PCs) • Can also refer to embedded compu ...
History of computers
History of computers

... The ENIAC was decimal rather than a binary machine. That is, numbers were represented in decimal form and arithmetic was performed in the decimal system. ...
What is a Computer?
What is a Computer?

...  RAM loses it’s memory when the power goes off so we store information and programs more permanently on Secondary Storage Devices (hard drives, flash drives, etc.). ...
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... the  Manchester  "Baby"  or  Small‐Scale  Experimental  Machine,  developed  by  Frederic  C.  Williams  and  Tom  Kilburn  at  University  of  Manchester  in  1948;  it  was  followed  in  1949  by  the  Manchester  Mark  1  computer, a complete system, using Williams tube and magnetic drum memory, ...
Introduction - Texas State Department of Computer Science
Introduction - Texas State Department of Computer Science

...  RAM loses it’s memory when the power goes off so we store information and programs more permanently on Secondary Storage Devices (hard drives, flash drives, etc.). ...
Pre-mechanical computers
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... • Apple II – the first computer come in a plastic case and include color graphics. • Visicalc- the first spreadsheet program • Wordstar – the first microcomputer word ...
Abstract for STDP implmentation in CMOS using CBRAM devices
Abstract for STDP implmentation in CMOS using CBRAM devices

... Traditional Von Neumann based architectures (which separates the memory and computation units) inherently suffer from the Von Neumann bottleneck whereby the processor is limited by the number of instructions it fetches. The clock driven Von Neumann computer survived with technology scaling. However ...
The CPU: real machines The CPU: real machines - Outline
The CPU: real machines The CPU: real machines - Outline

... –  and has done so since ~1961 •  consequences –  cheaper, faster, smaller, less power consumption per unit –  ubiquitous computers and computing •  limits to growth –  fabrication plants now cost $2-4B; most are elsewhere –  line widths are nearing fundamental limits (10 more years?) –  complexity ...
Chapter 1
Chapter 1

... Why study computer organization and architecture? – Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems, and device drivers. – Optimize program behavior. – Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance. ...
On the Value Locality of Store Instructions
On the Value Locality of Store Instructions

... Human neocortex:  ~20B neurons, ~200T synapses  Physiologically homogenous  Hypothesis: runs common algorithm Apply architecture 101?  Abstraction layers Let’s  Hierarchy and replication ...
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Von Neumann architecture



The Von Neumann architecture, also known as the Von Neumann model and Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on that described in 1945 by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with parts consisting of a processing unit containing an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms. The meaning has evolved to be any stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system.The design of a Von Neumann architecture is simpler than the more modern Harvard architecture which is also a stored-program system but has one dedicated set of address and data buses for reading data from and writing data to memory, and another set of address and data buses for fetching instructions.A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its program instructions, as well as its data, in read-write, random-access memory (RAM). Stored-program computers were an advancement over the program-controlled computers of the 1940s, such as the Colossus and the ENIAC, which were programmed by setting switches and inserting patch leads to route data and to control signals between various functional units. In the vast majority of modern computers, the same memory is used for both data and program instructions, and the Von Neumann vs. Harvard distinction applies to the cache architecture, not the main memory.
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