THE EXCITATION OF NEMATOCYSTS
... Zick (1929) pointed out an even more serious one. The commensal ciliates of Hydra, Trichodina pediculus (50-70^) and Kerona pediculus (200/Lt), wander freely over the surface of the host bending the cnidocils right over, in fact much further than they are moved by the natural prey. Their ineffective ...
... Zick (1929) pointed out an even more serious one. The commensal ciliates of Hydra, Trichodina pediculus (50-70^) and Kerona pediculus (200/Lt), wander freely over the surface of the host bending the cnidocils right over, in fact much further than they are moved by the natural prey. Their ineffective ...
Embryology GastrointesInal System
... 12. By the end of the sixth week, each maxillary prominence has begun to merge with the lateral prominence along the line of the nasolacrimal groove. a. Establishes continuity between the side of the nose (formed by the lateral nasal prominence) and the cheek region (formed by the maxillary ...
... 12. By the end of the sixth week, each maxillary prominence has begun to merge with the lateral prominence along the line of the nasolacrimal groove. a. Establishes continuity between the side of the nose (formed by the lateral nasal prominence) and the cheek region (formed by the maxillary ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
... 1. 3 key enzymes for the regulation of glycolysis (their activation). The role of Fructose 2,6-P in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. 2. 3 key sites for the regulation of gluconeogenesis (their activation). 3. The signal pathway for the activation of glycogen degradation by ...
... 1. 3 key enzymes for the regulation of glycolysis (their activation). The role of Fructose 2,6-P in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. 2. 3 key sites for the regulation of gluconeogenesis (their activation). 3. The signal pathway for the activation of glycogen degradation by ...
03-232 Biochemistry
... Fo which forms a transmembrane channel that allows the flow of protons (1pt) and F1, which has a γ subunit, 3 α subunits and 3 β subunits. (1 pt) The follow of protons through Fo causes the channel to rotate, which results in the rotation of the γ-subunit (2pt) of the F1 complex by 120° for every 3 ...
... Fo which forms a transmembrane channel that allows the flow of protons (1pt) and F1, which has a γ subunit, 3 α subunits and 3 β subunits. (1 pt) The follow of protons through Fo causes the channel to rotate, which results in the rotation of the γ-subunit (2pt) of the F1 complex by 120° for every 3 ...
PHAR 7633 Chapter 12 Physical-Chemical Factors
... in the aqueous phase as well to get out of the membrane. Many drugs have polar and non-polar characteristics or are weak acids or bases. For drugs which are weak acids or bases the pKa of the drug, the pH of the GI tract fluid and the pH of the blood stream will control the solubility of the drug an ...
... in the aqueous phase as well to get out of the membrane. Many drugs have polar and non-polar characteristics or are weak acids or bases. For drugs which are weak acids or bases the pKa of the drug, the pH of the GI tract fluid and the pH of the blood stream will control the solubility of the drug an ...
Creativity Session
... of glucose in liver (and muscle) cells in the form of glycogen; lowered levels of insulin cause liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and excrete it into the blood. This is the clinical action of insulin which is directly useful in reducing high blood glucose levels as in diabetes. Increased fa ...
... of glucose in liver (and muscle) cells in the form of glycogen; lowered levels of insulin cause liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and excrete it into the blood. This is the clinical action of insulin which is directly useful in reducing high blood glucose levels as in diabetes. Increased fa ...
1 - AQA
... The food we buy in a supermarket may be processed but, whether it is a pizza or peanut butter, it has been derived from living organisms. It contains substances that once made up those organisms, although maybe not in the same proportions. Three groups of these substances are very important in our ...
... The food we buy in a supermarket may be processed but, whether it is a pizza or peanut butter, it has been derived from living organisms. It contains substances that once made up those organisms, although maybe not in the same proportions. Three groups of these substances are very important in our ...
AQA A-level Biology
... The food we buy in a supermarket may be processed but, whether it is a pizza or peanut butter, it has been derived from living organisms. It contains substances that once made up those organisms, although maybe not in the same proportions. Three groups of these substances are very important in our ...
... The food we buy in a supermarket may be processed but, whether it is a pizza or peanut butter, it has been derived from living organisms. It contains substances that once made up those organisms, although maybe not in the same proportions. Three groups of these substances are very important in our ...
Enzymes and pH Review Game with Answers 2013 2014
... B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions. C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzym ...
... B) Elevated body temperatures may denature enzymes. This would interfere with the cell's abilities to catalyze various reactions. C) Elevated body temperatures will increase the energy of activation needed to start various chemical reactions in the body. This will interfere with the ability of enzym ...
Low-temperature anaerobic digestion is associated with differential
... microbial groups underpinning laboratory-scale AD bioreactors operated at 37, 15 and 7◦ C was carried out. Community structure was monitored using 16S rRNA clone libraries, while abundance of the most prominent methanogens was investigated using qPCR. In addition, metaproteomics was employed to acce ...
... microbial groups underpinning laboratory-scale AD bioreactors operated at 37, 15 and 7◦ C was carried out. Community structure was monitored using 16S rRNA clone libraries, while abundance of the most prominent methanogens was investigated using qPCR. In addition, metaproteomics was employed to acce ...
The Central Role of Acetyl-CoA
... • Energy is produced by oxidation of molecular fuels small molecules derived from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins • The oxidation uses oxidised forms of coenzymes ultimately producing CO2, H2O and stored energy • Energy is stored directly as ATP or as reduced forms of coenzymes that ultimately reduc ...
... • Energy is produced by oxidation of molecular fuels small molecules derived from carbohydrates, lipids, proteins • The oxidation uses oxidised forms of coenzymes ultimately producing CO2, H2O and stored energy • Energy is stored directly as ATP or as reduced forms of coenzymes that ultimately reduc ...
Therapeutic Enzymes
... Enzymes: General features Almost all enzymes are protein-based They are globular proteins soluble in aqueous-based solutions Sensitive to environmental conditions such as changes in temperature and pH Enzymes are high-molecular mass molecules, ranging from 13 to 500 ...
... Enzymes: General features Almost all enzymes are protein-based They are globular proteins soluble in aqueous-based solutions Sensitive to environmental conditions such as changes in temperature and pH Enzymes are high-molecular mass molecules, ranging from 13 to 500 ...
Chapter 15 Lecture Notes: Metabolism
... The non starch dietary carbohydrates, lactose and sucrose, are converted to monosaccharides with the help of lactase and sucrase enzymes, respectively. • Lactose is hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose. • Sucrose is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose. It is critical that oligosaccharides and polysac ...
... The non starch dietary carbohydrates, lactose and sucrose, are converted to monosaccharides with the help of lactase and sucrase enzymes, respectively. • Lactose is hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose. • Sucrose is hydrolyzed to fructose and glucose. It is critical that oligosaccharides and polysac ...
Overview of Aerobic Respiration
... Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
... Glycolysis starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells An energy investment of ATP starts glycolysis ...
Glucose homeostasis in the blood (2) – un-storing energy
... If a person is mostly sedentary, their glycogen stores will last about 2 days. The amount of glycogen you can store is related to how muscular you are. A more muscular person can store more glycogen, but the higher lean muscle mass also means that more glucose will be used to maintain those muscles. ...
... If a person is mostly sedentary, their glycogen stores will last about 2 days. The amount of glycogen you can store is related to how muscular you are. A more muscular person can store more glycogen, but the higher lean muscle mass also means that more glucose will be used to maintain those muscles. ...
Amino Acid Metabolism
... Amino acids are the “building-blocks” of proteins. Protein, from the Greek word meaning “of prime importance,” constitute and array of structures. Examples of these structures include hormones, enzymes, and muscle tissue. The primary function of protein is growth and repair of body tissue (anabolism ...
... Amino acids are the “building-blocks” of proteins. Protein, from the Greek word meaning “of prime importance,” constitute and array of structures. Examples of these structures include hormones, enzymes, and muscle tissue. The primary function of protein is growth and repair of body tissue (anabolism ...
Biocatalytic degradation of pollutants
... Researchers in the field of biodegradation are starting to seriously address the possibility of a role for chemotaxis in the biodegradation of pollutants, as indicated by recent reviews [19,20]. Several reports of chemotaxis by specific biodegradative strains to various pollutants and man-made chemi ...
... Researchers in the field of biodegradation are starting to seriously address the possibility of a role for chemotaxis in the biodegradation of pollutants, as indicated by recent reviews [19,20]. Several reports of chemotaxis by specific biodegradative strains to various pollutants and man-made chemi ...
Evolutionary relationship and application of a superfamily of cyclic
... hydantoinase had long been considered identical to dihydropyrimidinase. However, despite their similar structural, biochemical, and mechanistic properties, they are quite different from each other, performing separate metabolic functions. Dihydropyrimidinase plays an indispensable role in the reduct ...
... hydantoinase had long been considered identical to dihydropyrimidinase. However, despite their similar structural, biochemical, and mechanistic properties, they are quite different from each other, performing separate metabolic functions. Dihydropyrimidinase plays an indispensable role in the reduct ...
42 Metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria for the improvement
... the sweetener alanine or by induced high-level vitamin-production. The structural properties of fermented products is increased by the production of exopolysaccharides with desired properties. L. lactis is used as starter bacterium in the manufacture of many different cheese types, such as Gouda and ...
... the sweetener alanine or by induced high-level vitamin-production. The structural properties of fermented products is increased by the production of exopolysaccharides with desired properties. L. lactis is used as starter bacterium in the manufacture of many different cheese types, such as Gouda and ...
Characterisation and functional properties of watermelon (Citrullus
... c 2010 Society of Chemical Industry ...
... c 2010 Society of Chemical Industry ...
Pancreatitis - All Feline Hospital
... common pattern we will hear is that your cat will vomit several times a day for a few days, not want to eat, and may act uncomfortable and lethargic, and then a few days later, will be fine until the next episode. These symptoms can also be similar to inflammatory bowel disease, so we may ask you lo ...
... common pattern we will hear is that your cat will vomit several times a day for a few days, not want to eat, and may act uncomfortable and lethargic, and then a few days later, will be fine until the next episode. These symptoms can also be similar to inflammatory bowel disease, so we may ask you lo ...
2. tissue - specific metabolism - cmb
... lactate from muscle to liver). 2. Blood transports oxygen from lungs to tissues, enabling exergonic oxidative pathways to occur, followed by transport of the resultant CO2 back to the lungs for exhalation. 3. The lipoprotein components of blood plasma play indispensable roles in transporting lipid ...
... lactate from muscle to liver). 2. Blood transports oxygen from lungs to tissues, enabling exergonic oxidative pathways to occur, followed by transport of the resultant CO2 back to the lungs for exhalation. 3. The lipoprotein components of blood plasma play indispensable roles in transporting lipid ...
liver bile salts - Stanford Medicine
... association with other transcription factors and results in negative feedback on CYP7A1. ◦ Thus the negative feedback on CYP7A1 inhibits cholesterol breakdown and potentially contributes to higher levels serum cholesterol and increased ...
... association with other transcription factors and results in negative feedback on CYP7A1. ◦ Thus the negative feedback on CYP7A1 inhibits cholesterol breakdown and potentially contributes to higher levels serum cholesterol and increased ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.