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ECHS1 mutations in Leigh disease: a new inborn
ECHS1 mutations in Leigh disease: a new inborn

... and cysteamine (Brown et al., 1982). Methacrylyl-CoA and acryloyl-CoA are therefore toxic to cells and can potentially disrupt many biochemical reactions and protein structures. In HIBCH deficiency, the accumulation of methacrylyl-CoA results in the excretion of an unusual amino acid S-(2carboxyprop ...
Lecture 24
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... Figure 23-31 Summary of carbon skeleton rearrangements in the pentose phosphate pathway. ...
Application Note
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... The developed method shows the very fast and simultaneous determination of 18 AQC derivatized amino acids in less than 8 minutes. The pre-column AQC derivatization results in stable derivatives of primary and secondary amino acids and can be figured out in just one simple step. This step can also be ...
electron transport chain
electron transport chain

... 4. The inner mitochondrial membrane couples electron transport to ATP synthesis: a closer look • Only 4 of 38 ATP ultimately produced by respiration of glucose are derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. • The vast majority of the ATP comes from the energy in the electrons carried by NADH (an ...
Effects of oxygen on the growth and metabolism of Actinomyces
Effects of oxygen on the growth and metabolism of Actinomyces

... such as ethanol and pyruvic, lactic, citric or glutamic acids were found (results not shown). In washed cell suspensions of aerobically grown cells oxygen was consumed at a considerable rate (101 nmol O 2- mg -1 dry weight, min -1) and with a high affinity ( K m = 1 # m o l . l - 1 ) , when glucose ...
Chapter 4
Chapter 4

... Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ...
File - western undergrad. by the students, for the students.
File - western undergrad. by the students, for the students.

... Historically, much of our knowledge of reactions occurring in cells has come from isolating and studying individual types of protein molecules. This resulted in the delineation of various metabolic pathways, signaling events, structural elements, etc. and eventually to tools for manipulating DNA its ...
Glossary of Key Terms in Chapter Two
Glossary of Key Terms in Chapter Two

... absolute specificity (19.5) the property of certain enzymes that allows them to bind and catalyze the reaction of only one substrate. active site (19.4) the cleft in the surface of an enzyme that is the site of substrate binding. allosteric enzymes (19.9) enzymes that have an effector binding site a ...
Chapter 1 - Private Label Fitness
Chapter 1 - Private Label Fitness

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... of most proteins is 5500 to __________ daltons. (One dalton equals one atomic mass unit; kilodalton = 1000 daltons). Most proteins have M.W. of 5.5-220 kd. Some proteins contain disulfide bonds that cross-link between cysteine residues by the oxidation of cysteine. Intracellular proteins often lack ...
Cellular Respiration Notes (8.3)
Cellular Respiration Notes (8.3)

...  Takes place in the cytoplasm  Glucose is broken down  Anaerobic (without oxygen)  Glucose enters the cell by active transport  Enzymes break it down into pyruvate  Net result = 2 ATP ...
ACID - TeacherWeb
ACID - TeacherWeb

... • He concluded that acids were substance which separated (ionized) in water solution to produce hydrogen ions (H+, or free protons). ...
SHORT COMMUNICATION DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS
SHORT COMMUNICATION DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS

... content ranged from 5.5 to 6.2 mg/g of RJ. The relative standard deviation (RSD %) of the amino acids was acceptable for the FAAs and ranged from 1 to 3%. As has been reported by Liming et al. [15], the average content of FAA in fresh RJ was 9.2 mg/g and Pro was the major amino acid with an average ...
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... (D) It is produced by the action of hormone-sensitive lipase on VLDL (E) non of the above 40. Which one of the following statements about fatty acids is TRUE? (A) Fatty acids are very soluble in water and need no carrier in the blood (B) When fatty acids are activated in the cytosol, ATP is converte ...
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... Dietary Protein The National Academy of Sciences has created a method of scoring proteins. They are assessed and given a number value. Those proteins that contain an adequate content of all 9 essential amino acids are given a high score and are called complete proteins. Those that are missing one o ...
Chapter 8 Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Kinetics
Chapter 8 Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Kinetics

... 8.1 Enzymes are powerful and highly specific catalysts -Enzymes accelerate reactions by factors of as much as million or more. -Most reactions in biological systems do not take place in the absence of enzymes. -One of the fastest enzymes known is carbonic anhydrase (hydrate 106 molecules of CO2 per ...
A Rapid UPLC™ MS/MS Method for Determining Specific
A Rapid UPLC™ MS/MS Method for Determining Specific

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Energetics and carbon metabolism during growth
Energetics and carbon metabolism during growth

... routes. The classical succinate-glycine pathway is the condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA catalyzed by ␦-ALA synthetase. In addition, 5-carbon compounds, glutamate and ␣-ketoglutarate were found to be incorporated into ␦-ALA much more efficiently than were glycine and succinate in many green c ...
Open Reading Frames and Codon Bias in Streptomyces coelicolor
Open Reading Frames and Codon Bias in Streptomyces coelicolor

... the S. coelicolor. Examination of the triple content of the DNA rather then just the triple frequency in the coding frame demonstrates that the nucleotide triple bias is not restricted to the coding frame and is in fact a more fundamental property of the DNA of genes containing MORFs. A graph of the ...
Photosynthesis_Cell Resp_Jeopardy
Photosynthesis_Cell Resp_Jeopardy

... related with the intracellular membrane. ...
acyl-CoA
acyl-CoA

... d) vitamins for metabolizing propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA 3. Ketone body metabolism a) where ketogenesis occurs b) when ketogenesis occurs c) role of keotgenesis d) why normal individuals do not usually develop ketacidosis even when producing ketone bodies. ...
Chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors
Chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors

... Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carriers. ...
Networks and pathways
Networks and pathways

... Biological pathways Biological components interacting with each other over time to bring about a single biological effect Pathways can be broken down sub-pathways Some common pathways: signal transduction metabolic pathways, gene regulatory pathways Entities in one pathway can be found in others ...
Summary of Herbicide Mechanism of Action According to the Weed
Summary of Herbicide Mechanism of Action According to the Weed

... compunds that block carotenoid biosynthesis by inhibition of phytoene desaturase (Bartels and Watson 1978; Sandmann and Böger 1989). Carotenoids play an important role in dissipating the oxidative energy of singlet O2 (1O2). In normal photosynthetic electron transport, a low level of photosystem II ...
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Metabolism



Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.
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