Proteins containing unusual amino acid sequences
... excluded, the rat and the human protein have more than 90% identity, but the long glutamine runs are at positions 100 residues apart in the sequence, and there are indications that individual humans have different length glutamine runs. In most cases the runs are more pronounced at rhe amino acid ra ...
... excluded, the rat and the human protein have more than 90% identity, but the long glutamine runs are at positions 100 residues apart in the sequence, and there are indications that individual humans have different length glutamine runs. In most cases the runs are more pronounced at rhe amino acid ra ...
An overview on biofuel and biochemical production by
... Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that can convert solar energy to chemical energy with efficiency of 10 to 50 times greater than terrestrial plants [18]. Algae have far higher cell growth rates than plants and, therefore, have much smaller footprints for land required for pro ...
... Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that can convert solar energy to chemical energy with efficiency of 10 to 50 times greater than terrestrial plants [18]. Algae have far higher cell growth rates than plants and, therefore, have much smaller footprints for land required for pro ...
Modeling the Frog Cell Cycle
... Once a cell initiates mitosis, why does it never slip back into S or G2? ...
... Once a cell initiates mitosis, why does it never slip back into S or G2? ...
Comparative Proteomics Kit I: Protein Profiler Module
... • Traditional classification based upon traits: – Morphological – Behavioral ...
... • Traditional classification based upon traits: – Morphological – Behavioral ...
glycogen, calcification
... Forces adipose tissue to make fats; lack of insulin causes the reverse. Decreased proteolysis Decreased lipolysis Decreased gluconeogenesis Increased amino acid uptake Increased potassium uptake Arterial muscle tone – forces arterial wall muscle to relax, increasing blood flow, especia ...
... Forces adipose tissue to make fats; lack of insulin causes the reverse. Decreased proteolysis Decreased lipolysis Decreased gluconeogenesis Increased amino acid uptake Increased potassium uptake Arterial muscle tone – forces arterial wall muscle to relax, increasing blood flow, especia ...
2. Genetic code is degenerate（简并性）
... • The synthetase enzymes are either monomers, dimers or one of two types of tetramer.They contact their cognate tRNA by the inside of its L-shape and use certain parts of the tRNA, called identity elements, to distinguish these similar molecules from one another. ...
... • The synthetase enzymes are either monomers, dimers or one of two types of tetramer.They contact their cognate tRNA by the inside of its L-shape and use certain parts of the tRNA, called identity elements, to distinguish these similar molecules from one another. ...
Chapter 6
... NADH and Electron Transport Chains – The path that electrons take on their way down from glucose to oxygen involves many steps. – The first step is an electron acceptor called NAD+. • The transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to NADH. ...
... NADH and Electron Transport Chains – The path that electrons take on their way down from glucose to oxygen involves many steps. – The first step is an electron acceptor called NAD+. • The transfer of electrons from organic fuel to NAD+ reduces it to NADH. ...
video slide
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
Chapter 9
... NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
Excitatory Amino Acids Brochure
... schizophrenia. Excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and antagonists are therefore of major interest as potential drugs for central nervous system disorders. Excitatory Amino Acids is the first book entirely dedicated to the results of human testing of modulators of excitatory amino acid neurotran ...
... schizophrenia. Excitatory amino acid receptor agonists and antagonists are therefore of major interest as potential drugs for central nervous system disorders. Excitatory Amino Acids is the first book entirely dedicated to the results of human testing of modulators of excitatory amino acid neurotran ...
Olanzapine Activates Hepatic Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
... glycolysis of galactose yields no net ATP and forces cells to rely on oxidative phosphorylation (Marroquin et al., 2007). Cells were then treated with graded concentrations of olanzapine from 0 to 25 mM. One hour before the commencement of measurements, the medium was changed to unbuffered Dulbecco’ ...
... glycolysis of galactose yields no net ATP and forces cells to rely on oxidative phosphorylation (Marroquin et al., 2007). Cells were then treated with graded concentrations of olanzapine from 0 to 25 mM. One hour before the commencement of measurements, the medium was changed to unbuffered Dulbecco’ ...
Protein folding
... The eight-stranded /b barrel (TIM barrel, named after triose phosphate isomerase) is by far the most common tertiary fold. It is estimated that 10% of all known enzymes have this supersecondary structure. The members of this large family of proteins catalyze very different reactions. Currently, the ...
... The eight-stranded /b barrel (TIM barrel, named after triose phosphate isomerase) is by far the most common tertiary fold. It is estimated that 10% of all known enzymes have this supersecondary structure. The members of this large family of proteins catalyze very different reactions. Currently, the ...
Combined in silico modeling and metabolomics analysis to
... metabolomics and in silico modeling approach to gain a deeper insight into the cellular mechanisms of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fed-batch cultures. Initially, extracellular and intracellular metabolite profiling analysis shortlisted key metabolites associated with cell growth limitation within the ...
... metabolomics and in silico modeling approach to gain a deeper insight into the cellular mechanisms of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fed-batch cultures. Initially, extracellular and intracellular metabolite profiling analysis shortlisted key metabolites associated with cell growth limitation within the ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
Chapter 3 Problem Set
... Part (a). The fully protonated species of glycine (+H3N-CH2COOH) occurs at the beginning of the titration, i.e., Point I. Part (b). 50% of the -COOH protons are titrated to -COO- at the pK1 of glycine (Point II, pH 2.34). At this point, half of the molecules have a net +1 charge (+H3N-CH2-COOH) and ...
... Part (a). The fully protonated species of glycine (+H3N-CH2COOH) occurs at the beginning of the titration, i.e., Point I. Part (b). 50% of the -COOH protons are titrated to -COO- at the pK1 of glycine (Point II, pH 2.34). At this point, half of the molecules have a net +1 charge (+H3N-CH2-COOH) and ...
Chemical space and biology - Center for Plant Cell Biology
... C, H, O or N, more than 20 other elements are essential to life. All these elements are (or were when life on Earth began) relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, the sea or the atmosphere, and their ions or common compounds are soluble in water42. Solubility in water is also likely to be a major ...
... C, H, O or N, more than 20 other elements are essential to life. All these elements are (or were when life on Earth began) relatively abundant in the Earth’s crust, the sea or the atmosphere, and their ions or common compounds are soluble in water42. Solubility in water is also likely to be a major ...
Impairment of glutamine/glutamate-‐γ
... Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is required for maintaining the proper function and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central ...
... Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that is required for maintaining the proper function and regulation of many biochemical and cellular reactions. Despite its essentiality, at excessive levels Mn is toxic to the central ...
Enzymes - Madison County Schools
... Lemon juice and other acids are used to preserve color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the pH and removing the copper (cofactor) necessary for the enzyme to function. ...
... Lemon juice and other acids are used to preserve color in fruit, particularly apples, by lowering the pH and removing the copper (cofactor) necessary for the enzyme to function. ...
ECHS1 mutations in Leigh disease: a new inborn
... and cysteamine (Brown et al., 1982). Methacrylyl-CoA and acryloyl-CoA are therefore toxic to cells and can potentially disrupt many biochemical reactions and protein structures. In HIBCH deficiency, the accumulation of methacrylyl-CoA results in the excretion of an unusual amino acid S-(2carboxyprop ...
... and cysteamine (Brown et al., 1982). Methacrylyl-CoA and acryloyl-CoA are therefore toxic to cells and can potentially disrupt many biochemical reactions and protein structures. In HIBCH deficiency, the accumulation of methacrylyl-CoA results in the excretion of an unusual amino acid S-(2carboxyprop ...
... 50% yield with >98% regioselectivity by reaction of the corresponding free sugar with ethyl L-lactate in the presence of 10% water. Compounds 2a and 2b were further converted to 4a and 4b, respectively, via reaction with pyruvate catalyzed by sialic acid aldolase. Compounds 3a and 3b were deoxygenat ...
Biosynthesis of glucose – gluconeogenesis
... The amount of glucose present in body fluids is about 20 g, and that readily available from glycogen is approximately 190 g. During period of fasting glycogen in liver is mobilized but it only lasts 12 to 24 hours and this source of glucose may not fulfill metabolic need. During a longer period of s ...
... The amount of glucose present in body fluids is about 20 g, and that readily available from glycogen is approximately 190 g. During period of fasting glycogen in liver is mobilized but it only lasts 12 to 24 hours and this source of glucose may not fulfill metabolic need. During a longer period of s ...
Lecture 24
... Figure 23-31 Summary of carbon skeleton rearrangements in the pentose phosphate pathway. ...
... Figure 23-31 Summary of carbon skeleton rearrangements in the pentose phosphate pathway. ...
electron transport chain
... 4. The inner mitochondrial membrane couples electron transport to ATP synthesis: a closer look • Only 4 of 38 ATP ultimately produced by respiration of glucose are derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. • The vast majority of the ATP comes from the energy in the electrons carried by NADH (an ...
... 4. The inner mitochondrial membrane couples electron transport to ATP synthesis: a closer look • Only 4 of 38 ATP ultimately produced by respiration of glucose are derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. • The vast majority of the ATP comes from the energy in the electrons carried by NADH (an ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.