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Amino Acids in Maturation Medium and Presence
... In experiment 1, to determine the optimal time for maturation of oocytes in mWM-FG, oocytes were cultured for periods ranging from 24 to 48 h. Furthermore, to determine the effect of maturation time on sperm penetration in vitro, cumulus-enclosed oocytes cultured for 36 and 48 h for maturation in mW ...
... In experiment 1, to determine the optimal time for maturation of oocytes in mWM-FG, oocytes were cultured for periods ranging from 24 to 48 h. Furthermore, to determine the effect of maturation time on sperm penetration in vitro, cumulus-enclosed oocytes cultured for 36 and 48 h for maturation in mW ...
herbicides with novel modes of action?
... the target site inhibition triggers secondary toxic or catastrophic effects that contribute to the overall herbicidal activity (Cole et al., 2000). For example, the absence of protein synthesis was originally identified as the mode of action for glyphosate, glufosinate and sulfonylureas due to their ...
... the target site inhibition triggers secondary toxic or catastrophic effects that contribute to the overall herbicidal activity (Cole et al., 2000). For example, the absence of protein synthesis was originally identified as the mode of action for glyphosate, glufosinate and sulfonylureas due to their ...
Glutathione and glutamate levels in the diaphragm of patients with
... GSH level in both muscles. No significant correlation was found between Glu or GSH level and fibre size or proportions. This study shows that glutamate and reduced glutathione levels are preserved in the diaphragm of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Alterations in glutamate and reduce ...
... GSH level in both muscles. No significant correlation was found between Glu or GSH level and fibre size or proportions. This study shows that glutamate and reduced glutathione levels are preserved in the diaphragm of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Alterations in glutamate and reduce ...
Jesse Rabinowitz - National Academy of Sciences
... was demonstrated in obligately anaerobic bacteria, but not in aerobic or facultatively anaerobic organisms. The ferredoxins from C. acidi-urici and C. pasteurianum were purified, crystallized, and characterized. A series of comparative studies carried out on the two proteins revealed that they were ...
... was demonstrated in obligately anaerobic bacteria, but not in aerobic or facultatively anaerobic organisms. The ferredoxins from C. acidi-urici and C. pasteurianum were purified, crystallized, and characterized. A series of comparative studies carried out on the two proteins revealed that they were ...
Lysosomal Enzymes Are Released From Cultured Human
... the mainly intracellular staining of LAMP-1 (panel H), cathepsin D and LAL were widely present extracellularly in the intima. Next, we studied whether lysosomal hydrolases released from human monocyte-derived macrophages could modify LDL in vitro. As a model of stimulation-induced secretion of acid ...
... the mainly intracellular staining of LAMP-1 (panel H), cathepsin D and LAL were widely present extracellularly in the intima. Next, we studied whether lysosomal hydrolases released from human monocyte-derived macrophages could modify LDL in vitro. As a model of stimulation-induced secretion of acid ...
Gluconeogenesis differs in developing chick embryos derived from
... AA were corrected for the natural abundance of stable isotopes present in the original molecule and that contributed by the derivative using the matrix approach (Fernandez et al., 1996). Natural isotopomer distributions in unlabelled glucose and AA were quantified from blood samples taken from embry ...
... AA were corrected for the natural abundance of stable isotopes present in the original molecule and that contributed by the derivative using the matrix approach (Fernandez et al., 1996). Natural isotopomer distributions in unlabelled glucose and AA were quantified from blood samples taken from embry ...
supports - DaVinci Labs
... D-Ribose is a rate-limiting factor for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP). Therefore, it is also a rate-limiting factor for the pathways that maintain adenine, ADP and AMP levels for ATP’s resynthesis. Supplemental ribose works by supporting normal levels of PRPP, which leads to superior recovery of ...
... D-Ribose is a rate-limiting factor for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP). Therefore, it is also a rate-limiting factor for the pathways that maintain adenine, ADP and AMP levels for ATP’s resynthesis. Supplemental ribose works by supporting normal levels of PRPP, which leads to superior recovery of ...
The phosphopantetheinyl transferases
... short PPTases are essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and lysine, many bioactive secondary metabolites, and a variety of other central biosynthetic pathways in both primary and specialized metabolism. The essential enzymatic role of PPTases in general fatty acid biosynthesis was recognized ...
... short PPTases are essential for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and lysine, many bioactive secondary metabolites, and a variety of other central biosynthetic pathways in both primary and specialized metabolism. The essential enzymatic role of PPTases in general fatty acid biosynthesis was recognized ...
Intestinal peptidases form functional complexes with the neutral
... via the membrane-bound brush-border peptidases, which further hydrolyse small oligopeptides to produce di-/tri-peptides and single amino acids [3,4]. These digestion end-products then become substrates of amino acid and peptide transporters in the brush-border membrane [4]. Brush-border peptidases a ...
... via the membrane-bound brush-border peptidases, which further hydrolyse small oligopeptides to produce di-/tri-peptides and single amino acids [3,4]. These digestion end-products then become substrates of amino acid and peptide transporters in the brush-border membrane [4]. Brush-border peptidases a ...
APPLICABILITY OF FRUCTOPHILIC LACTIC ACID BACTERIA IN FOOD INDUSTRY
... carbohydrates. This study was conducted at the Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku. The bacteria used in the food industry should survive stresses during food processing and storage. Usually the process includes heating and during storage, so called post-acidification may occur because lacti ...
... carbohydrates. This study was conducted at the Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku. The bacteria used in the food industry should survive stresses during food processing and storage. Usually the process includes heating and during storage, so called post-acidification may occur because lacti ...
IMPLICATION OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN GLUCOSE-INDUCED INSULIN SECRETION IN THE PANCREATIC -CELL
... Concurrent with the spread of the western lifestyle, which is linked with an increasingly overweight and sedentary population, the prevalence of diabetes is rising dramatically. It is estimated to affect 4% of the world’s population, with the number of diabetics increasing by 4-5% per year 1 . The s ...
... Concurrent with the spread of the western lifestyle, which is linked with an increasingly overweight and sedentary population, the prevalence of diabetes is rising dramatically. It is estimated to affect 4% of the world’s population, with the number of diabetics increasing by 4-5% per year 1 . The s ...
Cholesterol Homeostasis - Sigma
... the body. It is a structural component of all cell membranes and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids that aid in digestion. Within membranes the cholesterol to polar lipid ratios affect stability, permeability, and protein mobility. The hormones produced from cholester ...
... the body. It is a structural component of all cell membranes and is also a precursor to steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids that aid in digestion. Within membranes the cholesterol to polar lipid ratios affect stability, permeability, and protein mobility. The hormones produced from cholester ...
Plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases
... involved decarboxylation-oxidative deamination process to produce aromatic acetaldehydes from their phenolic amino acid substrates. It is clear that the physiological functions of plant AAADs are closely related to their respective activities and substrate specificities. However, due to the subtlety ...
... involved decarboxylation-oxidative deamination process to produce aromatic acetaldehydes from their phenolic amino acid substrates. It is clear that the physiological functions of plant AAADs are closely related to their respective activities and substrate specificities. However, due to the subtlety ...
The metabolic basis of Candida albicans
... response to filamentous-inducing conditions, GTPases (Gpa2p, Ras1p, and Cdc42p) activate two well-characterized signaling pathways; the Cek1p mediated MAP kinase pathway and cAMP-PKA pathway. These lead to the activation of transcriptional regulators Cph1p and Efg1p, respectively, which promote filame ...
... response to filamentous-inducing conditions, GTPases (Gpa2p, Ras1p, and Cdc42p) activate two well-characterized signaling pathways; the Cek1p mediated MAP kinase pathway and cAMP-PKA pathway. These lead to the activation of transcriptional regulators Cph1p and Efg1p, respectively, which promote filame ...
feeding for milk composition
... milk fat caused by dietary manipulation. Traditionally, decreases in milk fat content have been attributed to decreases in availability of precursors for fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland. Milk fat is composed by two major groups of fatty acids. About 50 to 70% of the milk fatty acids are th ...
... milk fat caused by dietary manipulation. Traditionally, decreases in milk fat content have been attributed to decreases in availability of precursors for fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland. Milk fat is composed by two major groups of fatty acids. About 50 to 70% of the milk fatty acids are th ...
Nucleic Acids
... • Each type of organic molecule has a unique threedimensional shape that defines its function in an organism. – The molecules of your body recognize one another based on their shapes. ...
... • Each type of organic molecule has a unique threedimensional shape that defines its function in an organism. – The molecules of your body recognize one another based on their shapes. ...
chemistry - The Aga Khan University
... 13.3.1 Atomic and Physical Properties 13.3.1.1 Trends in Atomic Radius 13.3.1.2 Trends in First Ionization Energy 13.3.1.3 Trends in Electronegativity 13.3.1.4 Trends in Melting and Boiling Points 13.3.2 Trends in Reactivity with Water 13.3.3 Reactions with Oxygen and Nitrogen 13.3.3.1 Simple Oxides ...
... 13.3.1 Atomic and Physical Properties 13.3.1.1 Trends in Atomic Radius 13.3.1.2 Trends in First Ionization Energy 13.3.1.3 Trends in Electronegativity 13.3.1.4 Trends in Melting and Boiling Points 13.3.2 Trends in Reactivity with Water 13.3.3 Reactions with Oxygen and Nitrogen 13.3.3.1 Simple Oxides ...
General Important Information to Guide You on Your
... range of supplements that support all of the weak points of the methylation cycle. This would make sense as the building blocks for RNA and DNA are part of the reason you want to go the “long way” around the cycle. Using the BHMT enzyme to go from homocysteine to methionine will not help to generate ...
... range of supplements that support all of the weak points of the methylation cycle. This would make sense as the building blocks for RNA and DNA are part of the reason you want to go the “long way” around the cycle. Using the BHMT enzyme to go from homocysteine to methionine will not help to generate ...
University of Groningen Lactococcus lactis systems biology Eckhardt
... become known about a number of cellular systems. In L. lactis, sugar utilization, citrate fermentation, phage resistance and proteolysis among others have been studied by biochemical and genetic techniques. For instance, very thorough analyses of the industrially important proteolytic system of L. l ...
... become known about a number of cellular systems. In L. lactis, sugar utilization, citrate fermentation, phage resistance and proteolysis among others have been studied by biochemical and genetic techniques. For instance, very thorough analyses of the industrially important proteolytic system of L. l ...
Fig. 3 - FEMS Microbiology Letters
... The potential for such manipulation has been investigated in animal and fermentor models and in an experiment with human volunteers. O. formigenes is found in the large bowel (but not the small intestine) of wild rats but many strains of laboratory rats lack this bacterium ; these animals thus provi ...
... The potential for such manipulation has been investigated in animal and fermentor models and in an experiment with human volunteers. O. formigenes is found in the large bowel (but not the small intestine) of wild rats but many strains of laboratory rats lack this bacterium ; these animals thus provi ...
The Effect of a Limited Supply of Phenylalanine, Threonine, or
... individual AA, because it is the individual AA that are used by tissues for protein synthesis, including the mammary epithelial cells for milk protein synthesis (Lapierre et al., 2006). Additionally, the metabolic fate (exclusive of incorporation into milk protein) differs among AA. 1.3 Amino Acids ...
... individual AA, because it is the individual AA that are used by tissues for protein synthesis, including the mammary epithelial cells for milk protein synthesis (Lapierre et al., 2006). Additionally, the metabolic fate (exclusive of incorporation into milk protein) differs among AA. 1.3 Amino Acids ...
AMP-activated protein kinase and metabolic control - HAL
... Activation of AMPK switches off ATP-consuming anabolic pathways and switches on ATPproducing catabolic pathways (Viollet et al. 2003). This would typically occur when AMPK is activated as a result of energy deprivation linked to alterations of the intracellular AMP/ATP ratio (e.g., hypoxia, glucose ...
... Activation of AMPK switches off ATP-consuming anabolic pathways and switches on ATPproducing catabolic pathways (Viollet et al. 2003). This would typically occur when AMPK is activated as a result of energy deprivation linked to alterations of the intracellular AMP/ATP ratio (e.g., hypoxia, glucose ...
Metabolism
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/ATP-3D-vdW.png?width=300)
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.