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CH_16_5_16_6_Enzymes_Enzyme_Action
CH_16_5_16_6_Enzymes_Enzyme_Action

... Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Metabolic fate and effects of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in
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... Figure S10: Possible concerted movements of the NBD1/NBD2 domains and the R1 and R2 parts of the regulatory domain R, between the inward-facing conformation (closed state) at left and the outward-facing conformation (open state, in which the bound nucleotides are shown). The NBD1 (blue) being fixed ...
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... 14. On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process? 15. On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during the electron transport process? 16. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one step of the process were miss ...
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Synthesis of a Glutathione Analogue Using 2-α-Methyl-β

... enzymes, growth factors, toxins, and immunoglobulins, contain disulfide bonds in their structures.16 Efforts have been made in order to obtain analogus of natural peptides with cyclic disulfide structures in order to improve their therapeutical potential by slowing the breakdown of the peptide.17 Th ...
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... evaporated to dryness in a scintillation vial, 10 ml scintillant solution was added and the radioactivity was estimated. The aqueous fraction was separated into neutral, anionic and cationic fractions by ion exchange chromatography as described by Neal & Beevers (1961). The fractions were evaporated ...
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... J.C. KOMEN, M. DURAN and R.J.A. WANDERS ...
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Metabolism



Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.
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