Shot noise of spin-polarized charge currents as a
... 共the Poisson limit兲 characterized by the Fano factor F = 1 when transport is determined by uncorrelated stochastic processes. On the other hand, the Pauli exclusion principle correlates electron motion and suppresses the shot noise F ⬍ 1 of noninteracting carriers, while electron-electron interactio ...
... 共the Poisson limit兲 characterized by the Fano factor F = 1 when transport is determined by uncorrelated stochastic processes. On the other hand, the Pauli exclusion principle correlates electron motion and suppresses the shot noise F ⬍ 1 of noninteracting carriers, while electron-electron interactio ...
Biological Autonomy
... that cannot be solved on the basis of evolution and physical laws alone. For example, when a fish is thrown back into the river, nature’s command is short: survive! This command does not inform the fish in terms of physical details and spatial coordinates what to do, such as to turn left or right. O ...
... that cannot be solved on the basis of evolution and physical laws alone. For example, when a fish is thrown back into the river, nature’s command is short: survive! This command does not inform the fish in terms of physical details and spatial coordinates what to do, such as to turn left or right. O ...
... specific heat of solids, that the motion of atoms oscillating in a solid also has to be quantized in order to account for Planck’s radiation law. Thus, in less than a decade after 1900, the measurement and modeling of lightmatter interaction had undermined the foundations of 19th century physics: cl ...
Exciton in a quantum wire in the presence of parallel and
... Hlh⌿lh共xlh,y lh兲 = Elh⌿lh共xlh,y lh兲. ...
... Hlh⌿lh共xlh,y lh兲 = Elh⌿lh共xlh,y lh兲. ...
Surrey seminar on CQP - School of Computing Science
... Although quantum cryptographic protocols have been proved mathematically to be secure, we believe that there is a need for verification of systems which combine quantum communication with classical computation and communication. Computer science has a range of theories, techniques and tools which ha ...
... Although quantum cryptographic protocols have been proved mathematically to be secure, we believe that there is a need for verification of systems which combine quantum communication with classical computation and communication. Computer science has a range of theories, techniques and tools which ha ...
Quantum noise properties of multiphoton transitions in driven nonlinear resonators
... these amplifying devices mostly operate in the semiclassical regime where many quanta in the resonator are excited. This implies that pure quantum fluctuations are typically small on average. Nevertheless, some experiments have been realized at low temperature where the relevant fluctuations are qua ...
... these amplifying devices mostly operate in the semiclassical regime where many quanta in the resonator are excited. This implies that pure quantum fluctuations are typically small on average. Nevertheless, some experiments have been realized at low temperature where the relevant fluctuations are qua ...
Regular Structures
... numbers (with both a real and an imaginary part) – but in some examples considered here will be confined to positive and negative real numbers. ...
... numbers (with both a real and an imaginary part) – but in some examples considered here will be confined to positive and negative real numbers. ...
Quantum-enhanced measurements: beating the standard quantum
... of a physical quantity x are statistical variables; that is, they are randomly distributed according to a probability determined by the state of the system. A measure of the “sharpness” of a measurement is given by the spread ∆x of the outcomes: An example is given in (A), where the outcomes (tiny t ...
... of a physical quantity x are statistical variables; that is, they are randomly distributed according to a probability determined by the state of the system. A measure of the “sharpness” of a measurement is given by the spread ∆x of the outcomes: An example is given in (A), where the outcomes (tiny t ...
as PDF
... atoms in molecules. The Lewis diagrams can be used to identify the bonds formed. Both mechanisms are in principle always present but more or less applicable and nature seems to confirm that molecules with very obvious Lewis structures according to ionic (valence electron transfer) or covalent (valen ...
... atoms in molecules. The Lewis diagrams can be used to identify the bonds formed. Both mechanisms are in principle always present but more or less applicable and nature seems to confirm that molecules with very obvious Lewis structures according to ionic (valence electron transfer) or covalent (valen ...
Quantum centipedes with strong global constraint
... Multi-pedal synthetic molecular systems made of single-stranded DNA segments moving on surfaces or tracks containing complementary DNA segments (see [1] for a review) have triggered the study of statistical-mechanical models of molecular spiders or centipedes whose configurations are those of a syst ...
... Multi-pedal synthetic molecular systems made of single-stranded DNA segments moving on surfaces or tracks containing complementary DNA segments (see [1] for a review) have triggered the study of statistical-mechanical models of molecular spiders or centipedes whose configurations are those of a syst ...
Beating the Standard Quantum Limit
... of a physical quantity x are statistical variables; that is, they are randomly distributed according to a probability determined by the state of the system. A measure of the “sharpness” of a measurement is given by the spread ∆x of the outcomes: An example is given in (A), where the outcomes (tiny t ...
... of a physical quantity x are statistical variables; that is, they are randomly distributed according to a probability determined by the state of the system. A measure of the “sharpness” of a measurement is given by the spread ∆x of the outcomes: An example is given in (A), where the outcomes (tiny t ...
Kitaev - Anyons
... eiu = ±1. On the contrary, in two dimensions the double swap corresponds to one particle making a full turn around the other; this process is topologically nontrivial. Therefore the exchange phase u can, in principle, have any value—hence the name ‘‘anyon.’’ (However, a stability consideration requi ...
... eiu = ±1. On the contrary, in two dimensions the double swap corresponds to one particle making a full turn around the other; this process is topologically nontrivial. Therefore the exchange phase u can, in principle, have any value—hence the name ‘‘anyon.’’ (However, a stability consideration requi ...
Physics 231 Topic 3: Forces & Laws of Motion
... because its mass is largest c) the normal force on the green crate is largest because its size is largest d) the gravitational force acting on each of the crates is the same e) all of the above ...
... because its mass is largest c) the normal force on the green crate is largest because its size is largest d) the gravitational force acting on each of the crates is the same e) all of the above ...
Quantum-classical correspondence in the hydrogen atom in weak
... These high energy states can be described by approximately hydrogenic wave functions with very large principal quantum numbers (n*100) @2,3#. The atoms ~or molecules! in which a valence electron is promoted to such high-n states are generically called ‘‘Rydberg’’ atoms, because the energy levels of ...
... These high energy states can be described by approximately hydrogenic wave functions with very large principal quantum numbers (n*100) @2,3#. The atoms ~or molecules! in which a valence electron is promoted to such high-n states are generically called ‘‘Rydberg’’ atoms, because the energy levels of ...
Renormalization group
In theoretical physics, the renormalization group (RG) refers to a mathematical apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different distance scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy scale at which physical processes occur varies, energy/momentum and resolution distance scales being effectively conjugate under the uncertainty principle (cf. Compton wavelength).A change in scale is called a ""scale transformation"". The renormalization group is intimately related to ""scale invariance"" and ""conformal invariance"", symmetries in which a system appears the same at all scales (so-called self-similarity). (However, note that scale transformations are included in conformal transformations, in general: the latter including additional symmetry generators associated with special conformal transformations.)As the scale varies, it is as if one is changing the magnifying power of a notional microscope viewing the system. In so-called renormalizable theories, the system at one scale will generally be seen to consist of self-similar copies of itself when viewed at a smaller scale, with different parameters describing the components of the system. The components, or fundamental variables, may relate to atoms, elementary particles, atomic spins, etc. The parameters of the theory typically describe the interactions of the components. These may be variable ""couplings"" which measure the strength of various forces, or mass parameters themselves. The components themselves may appear to be composed of more of the self-same components as one goes to shorter distances.For example, in quantum electrodynamics (QED), an electron appears to be composed of electrons, positrons (anti-electrons) and photons, as one views it at higher resolution, at very short distances. The electron at such short distances has a slightly different electric charge than does the ""dressed electron"" seen at large distances, and this change, or ""running,"" in the value of the electric charge is determined by the renormalization group equation.