Non-perturbative Quantum Electrodynamics in low
... still requires the developement and the improvement of alternative techniques. This is why efforts are pursued in lattice gauge theories, or based on functional equations. At first sight, the title of the thesis could raise an understandable question: Isn’t Quantum ElectroDynamics (QED) a well-known ...
... still requires the developement and the improvement of alternative techniques. This is why efforts are pursued in lattice gauge theories, or based on functional equations. At first sight, the title of the thesis could raise an understandable question: Isn’t Quantum ElectroDynamics (QED) a well-known ...
Towards A Quantum Mechanical Model of Foreign Policy
... sentence is either true or false. In Newtonian physics, the principle of bivalence is used to explain that an object is either a particle or a wave. This principle is also known as the principle of ‘either-or’.16 It attempts to understand reality in a mechanical binary format. An example of this arg ...
... sentence is either true or false. In Newtonian physics, the principle of bivalence is used to explain that an object is either a particle or a wave. This principle is also known as the principle of ‘either-or’.16 It attempts to understand reality in a mechanical binary format. An example of this arg ...
A Factor-Graph Representation of Probabilities in Quantum Mechanics
... I. I NTRODUCTION Statistical models with many variables are often represented by factor graphs [1]–[4] or similar graphical representations [5]–[7]. Such graphical representations can be helpful in various ways, including elucidation of the model itself as well as the derivation of algorithms for st ...
... I. I NTRODUCTION Statistical models with many variables are often represented by factor graphs [1]–[4] or similar graphical representations [5]–[7]. Such graphical representations can be helpful in various ways, including elucidation of the model itself as well as the derivation of algorithms for st ...
Chapter 1. The Basics of Quantum Mechanics
... the n-dependence of the energy spacings of the singly excited valence states of these atoms. The fact that is larger for Na than for Li and largest for Cs reflects that fact that the 3s orbital of Na penetrates the 1s, 2s, and 2p shells while the 2s orbital of Li penetrates only the 1s shell and t ...
... the n-dependence of the energy spacings of the singly excited valence states of these atoms. The fact that is larger for Na than for Li and largest for Cs reflects that fact that the 3s orbital of Na penetrates the 1s, 2s, and 2p shells while the 2s orbital of Li penetrates only the 1s shell and t ...
A quantum mechanical model of adaptive mutation
... The role of the interaction between a quantum system and its environment, and the transition from quantum to classical reality, has been a subject of increasing interest in physics over the last few years. The emergence of classical behaviour from quantum dynamics can be traced back to the measureme ...
... The role of the interaction between a quantum system and its environment, and the transition from quantum to classical reality, has been a subject of increasing interest in physics over the last few years. The emergence of classical behaviour from quantum dynamics can be traced back to the measureme ...
Realism and Objectivism in Quantum Mechanics Vassilios
... corresponding quantities of its parts. They either constitute direct sums or ordinary functional relations (whose values are well-specified at each space-time point) of the relevant quantities of the subsystems. Thus, they are wholly determined by the subsystem states. Furthermore, given the state ...
... corresponding quantities of its parts. They either constitute direct sums or ordinary functional relations (whose values are well-specified at each space-time point) of the relevant quantities of the subsystems. Thus, they are wholly determined by the subsystem states. Furthermore, given the state ...
Phys.Rev. D 90 (2014)
... quantum state |kc i 4 with a spatial size that hints at the system as a black hole [1]. In order to substantiate this last part of the sentence, one should however show that there is a horizon, or at least a trapping surface, in the given space-time. The standard procedure to show the existence of t ...
... quantum state |kc i 4 with a spatial size that hints at the system as a black hole [1]. In order to substantiate this last part of the sentence, one should however show that there is a horizon, or at least a trapping surface, in the given space-time. The standard procedure to show the existence of t ...
Quantum Computing and Hidden Variables
... be interesting to find a model in which search takes N 1/4 or N 1/5 steps. The second reason our results are surprising is that, given a hidden variable, the distribution over its possible values at any single time is governed by standard quantum mechanics, and is therefore efficiently samplable on ...
... be interesting to find a model in which search takes N 1/4 or N 1/5 steps. The second reason our results are surprising is that, given a hidden variable, the distribution over its possible values at any single time is governed by standard quantum mechanics, and is therefore efficiently samplable on ...
A Theoretical Study of Atomic Trimers in the Critical Stability Region
... using laser cooling, magnetic tuning and other methods [31, 32, 33, 34]. Fewbody systems in which the interaction takes place through very weak forces have recently become important since they may be active in forming stable structures at low temperatures [35]. These systems are also important when ...
... using laser cooling, magnetic tuning and other methods [31, 32, 33, 34]. Fewbody systems in which the interaction takes place through very weak forces have recently become important since they may be active in forming stable structures at low temperatures [35]. These systems are also important when ...
Incoherent dynamics in neutron
... We now devote our attention to the interaction of neutrons with matter. This field is well suited to test our formalism, both because of the very refined experiments that have been carried out in neutron interferometry @1,14#, and because of the very well-studied description of neutron optics phenom ...
... We now devote our attention to the interaction of neutrons with matter. This field is well suited to test our formalism, both because of the very refined experiments that have been carried out in neutron interferometry @1,14#, and because of the very well-studied description of neutron optics phenom ...
Chapter 1
... For example, choosing δ equal to 0.41, 1.37, 2.23, 3.19, or 4.13 for Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, respectively, in this so-called Rydberg formula, one finds decent agreement between the n-dependence of the energy spacings of the singly excited valence states of these atoms. The fact that δ is larger for ...
... For example, choosing δ equal to 0.41, 1.37, 2.23, 3.19, or 4.13 for Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, respectively, in this so-called Rydberg formula, one finds decent agreement between the n-dependence of the energy spacings of the singly excited valence states of these atoms. The fact that δ is larger for ...
Renormalization group
In theoretical physics, the renormalization group (RG) refers to a mathematical apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different distance scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy scale at which physical processes occur varies, energy/momentum and resolution distance scales being effectively conjugate under the uncertainty principle (cf. Compton wavelength).A change in scale is called a ""scale transformation"". The renormalization group is intimately related to ""scale invariance"" and ""conformal invariance"", symmetries in which a system appears the same at all scales (so-called self-similarity). (However, note that scale transformations are included in conformal transformations, in general: the latter including additional symmetry generators associated with special conformal transformations.)As the scale varies, it is as if one is changing the magnifying power of a notional microscope viewing the system. In so-called renormalizable theories, the system at one scale will generally be seen to consist of self-similar copies of itself when viewed at a smaller scale, with different parameters describing the components of the system. The components, or fundamental variables, may relate to atoms, elementary particles, atomic spins, etc. The parameters of the theory typically describe the interactions of the components. These may be variable ""couplings"" which measure the strength of various forces, or mass parameters themselves. The components themselves may appear to be composed of more of the self-same components as one goes to shorter distances.For example, in quantum electrodynamics (QED), an electron appears to be composed of electrons, positrons (anti-electrons) and photons, as one views it at higher resolution, at very short distances. The electron at such short distances has a slightly different electric charge than does the ""dressed electron"" seen at large distances, and this change, or ""running,"" in the value of the electric charge is determined by the renormalization group equation.