RET Proto-Oncogene
... Nonhereditary somatic rearrangements in RET have been identified in papillary thyroid carcinoma. The RET rearrangement in papillary thyroid carcinoma is typically created by an inversion within the chromosome with one breakpoint occurring in intron 11. This rearrangement creates a chimeric gene in w ...
... Nonhereditary somatic rearrangements in RET have been identified in papillary thyroid carcinoma. The RET rearrangement in papillary thyroid carcinoma is typically created by an inversion within the chromosome with one breakpoint occurring in intron 11. This rearrangement creates a chimeric gene in w ...
Mutations affecting the cardiovascular system and other internal
... (Lyons et al., 1995). These findings suggest that the Drosophila system could be applied to studies on early heart morphogenic events. The fly and vertebrate heart development diverge soon after the primitive heart tube is formed. In contrast to the vertebrate, the fly heart has no endocardium, no v ...
... (Lyons et al., 1995). These findings suggest that the Drosophila system could be applied to studies on early heart morphogenic events. The fly and vertebrate heart development diverge soon after the primitive heart tube is formed. In contrast to the vertebrate, the fly heart has no endocardium, no v ...
SOLVING THE SUDOKU WITH THE DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION
... Ug and Pg for the next population (e) generation = generation + 1, go to step a. The DE algorithm begins with the initialization of the population P(0) which consist of nX individuals. Mutation is a process that adds randomly-generated values to the selected genes. Each increment moves selected indi ...
... Ug and Pg for the next population (e) generation = generation + 1, go to step a. The DE algorithm begins with the initialization of the population P(0) which consist of nX individuals. Mutation is a process that adds randomly-generated values to the selected genes. Each increment moves selected indi ...
Figure Captions - Blackwell Publishing
... Figure 3.1 Beakers filled with micro-centrifuge tubes can be used to simulate the process of sampling and genetic drift. For a color version of this image see Plate 3.1. Figure 3.2 The Wright–Fisher model of genetic drift uses a simplified view of biological reproduction where all sampling occurs at ...
... Figure 3.1 Beakers filled with micro-centrifuge tubes can be used to simulate the process of sampling and genetic drift. For a color version of this image see Plate 3.1. Figure 3.2 The Wright–Fisher model of genetic drift uses a simplified view of biological reproduction where all sampling occurs at ...
Understanding Reproductive Isolation Based on the Rice
... Reproductive isolation is both an indicator of speciation and a mechanism for maintaining species identity. Here we review the progress in studies of hybrid sterility in rice to illustrate the present understanding of the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying reproductive isolation. Findi ...
... Reproductive isolation is both an indicator of speciation and a mechanism for maintaining species identity. Here we review the progress in studies of hybrid sterility in rice to illustrate the present understanding of the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying reproductive isolation. Findi ...
The msh2 Gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Is
... were rare in wild-type strains but occurred in the majority of colonies in msh2, swi8, and mut3 strains. For determination of spontaneous mutation rates, single colonies from fresh plates were used to inoculate 3 ml yeast extract liquid cultures. After growth at 30°C for 36 h, appropriate dilutions ...
... were rare in wild-type strains but occurred in the majority of colonies in msh2, swi8, and mut3 strains. For determination of spontaneous mutation rates, single colonies from fresh plates were used to inoculate 3 ml yeast extract liquid cultures. After growth at 30°C for 36 h, appropriate dilutions ...
Introduction to Genetics
... science of genetics. These principles can be summarized as follows: ...
... science of genetics. These principles can be summarized as follows: ...
The Plant Cell - Molecular and Cell Biology
... Solely on the basis of statistical analysis of plant crosses, and a full century before the discovery of the structure of DNA, the chemical nature of mutations, the “central dogma (fact) of molecular biology,” the notion that genes code for enzymes (or enzyme subunits) – in essense, before the disco ...
... Solely on the basis of statistical analysis of plant crosses, and a full century before the discovery of the structure of DNA, the chemical nature of mutations, the “central dogma (fact) of molecular biology,” the notion that genes code for enzymes (or enzyme subunits) – in essense, before the disco ...
Mutualism and asexual reproduction influence recognition genes in
... identified using degenerate PCR primers (br1-F and br1-R; Supplementary Table 3) designed by James et al. (2004b). All PCRs were performed on an Eppendorf thermocycler (Eppendorf AG, Germany) using reaction mixtures containing 1 ng ml1 DNA, 0.2 mM of each of the four dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM of ...
... identified using degenerate PCR primers (br1-F and br1-R; Supplementary Table 3) designed by James et al. (2004b). All PCRs were performed on an Eppendorf thermocycler (Eppendorf AG, Germany) using reaction mixtures containing 1 ng ml1 DNA, 0.2 mM of each of the four dNTPs, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM of ...
Comprehensive analysis of thiopurine S
... Discordant cases between phenotype and genotype were systematically sequenced. A clearly defined trimodal frequency distribution of TPMT activity was found with 0.6% deficient, 9.9% intermediate and 89.5% normal to high methylators. The frequencies of the mutant alleles were 4.4% (*3A), 0.4% (*3C) a ...
... Discordant cases between phenotype and genotype were systematically sequenced. A clearly defined trimodal frequency distribution of TPMT activity was found with 0.6% deficient, 9.9% intermediate and 89.5% normal to high methylators. The frequencies of the mutant alleles were 4.4% (*3A), 0.4% (*3C) a ...
Direct fitness or inclusive fitness: How shall we model kin selection?
... In our experience, the difficulties that often arise in the formulation of inclusive and direct fitness arguments, and in their comparison, have to do with the wide range of notations and assumptions found in the literature, and it seems to us that there is a real need for a simple general scheme an ...
... In our experience, the difficulties that often arise in the formulation of inclusive and direct fitness arguments, and in their comparison, have to do with the wide range of notations and assumptions found in the literature, and it seems to us that there is a real need for a simple general scheme an ...
technical report 2003/ge1
... the method of Mendelian randomisation is typically applied to data from case-control studies the rare disease assumption will usually hold. Further since potential confounding is usually not a possible alternative explanation to causality when the odds ratio is large (10), the only practical concern ...
... the method of Mendelian randomisation is typically applied to data from case-control studies the rare disease assumption will usually hold. Further since potential confounding is usually not a possible alternative explanation to causality when the odds ratio is large (10), the only practical concern ...
Gene Expression
... Pairing of complementary bases is the key to the transfer of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein Polarities of DNA, RNA, and polypeptides help guide the mechanisms of gene expression Gene expression requires input of energy and participation of specific proteins and macromolecular as ...
... Pairing of complementary bases is the key to the transfer of information from DNA to RNA and from RNA to protein Polarities of DNA, RNA, and polypeptides help guide the mechanisms of gene expression Gene expression requires input of energy and participation of specific proteins and macromolecular as ...
Methods for detecting positive selection and examples among fungi
... Measuring the dN/dS ratio (number of nonsynonymous substitutions over number of synonymous substitutions) provides a direct way to measure the selective pressure acting on codons. Evaluating whether dN/dS is significantly higher than 1 constitutes a test for the action of positive selection. The earl ...
... Measuring the dN/dS ratio (number of nonsynonymous substitutions over number of synonymous substitutions) provides a direct way to measure the selective pressure acting on codons. Evaluating whether dN/dS is significantly higher than 1 constitutes a test for the action of positive selection. The earl ...
to the complete text - David Moore`s World of Fungi
... • There are then two pairs of genotypes that arise from single recombinants. The numbers of progeny in these classes depends on the distances between the genes on the chromosome. A large interval between two genes will contain many crossovers and produce many singly recombinant progeny. A small inte ...
... • There are then two pairs of genotypes that arise from single recombinants. The numbers of progeny in these classes depends on the distances between the genes on the chromosome. A large interval between two genes will contain many crossovers and produce many singly recombinant progeny. A small inte ...
Biological Altruism
... probability that the recipients of the food will also carry copies of that gene. (How probable depends on how closely related they are.) This means that the altruistic gene can in principle spread by natural selection. The gene causes an organism to behave in a way which reduces its own fitness but ...
... probability that the recipients of the food will also carry copies of that gene. (How probable depends on how closely related they are.) This means that the altruistic gene can in principle spread by natural selection. The gene causes an organism to behave in a way which reduces its own fitness but ...
Epistasis
Epistasis is a phenomenon that consists of the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier genes' (genetic background). Similarly, epistatic mutations have different effects in combination than individually. It was originally a concept from genetics but is now used in biochemistry, population genetics, computational biology and evolutionary biology. It arises due to interactions, either between genes, or within them leading to non-additive effects. Epistasis has a large influence on the shape of evolutionary landscapes which leads to profound consequences for evolution and evolvability of traits.