Using Ontology Graphs to Understand Annotations and Reason about Them
... Figure 7. Detail of the Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology annotation graph for two alleles of mouse gene Arx representing allelic compositions Arxtm1Kki/Y (blue/lighter shading) and Arxtm1Pgr/Y (red/darker shading). We observe that the allele annotations segregate in separate ontology branches. Onl ...
... Figure 7. Detail of the Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology annotation graph for two alleles of mouse gene Arx representing allelic compositions Arxtm1Kki/Y (blue/lighter shading) and Arxtm1Pgr/Y (red/darker shading). We observe that the allele annotations segregate in separate ontology branches. Onl ...
Independent Assortment of Four Isozyme Loci in the 'Bacon' Avocado
... Traditionally, joint segregation of morphological characters was considered evidence of genetic linkage. A similar approach can be employed with the use of isozyme markers (Peirce and Brewbaker, 1973). Each electrophoretic phenotype usually corresponds to a particular genotype. Therefore, by progeny ...
... Traditionally, joint segregation of morphological characters was considered evidence of genetic linkage. A similar approach can be employed with the use of isozyme markers (Peirce and Brewbaker, 1973). Each electrophoretic phenotype usually corresponds to a particular genotype. Therefore, by progeny ...
Document
... phenotypes of parental and nonparental offspring. The male fly could contribute the car and B+ alleles (on a cytologically normal X chromosome) or contribute a Y chromosome. In the absence of crossing over, the female fly could contribute a short X chromosome with the car and B alleles or a long X c ...
... phenotypes of parental and nonparental offspring. The male fly could contribute the car and B+ alleles (on a cytologically normal X chromosome) or contribute a Y chromosome. In the absence of crossing over, the female fly could contribute a short X chromosome with the car and B alleles or a long X c ...
THE PALOMINO HORSE T is the purpose of this paper to
... Of course none of these is a true dun (genotype B D ) . They differ from a Palomino only in having an ut allele instead of an A . Frequently they have zebra markings (spinal stripe or bars on legs or both) ; mane, tail and legs are usually somewhat darker than the body indicating that diluted brown ...
... Of course none of these is a true dun (genotype B D ) . They differ from a Palomino only in having an ut allele instead of an A . Frequently they have zebra markings (spinal stripe or bars on legs or both) ; mane, tail and legs are usually somewhat darker than the body indicating that diluted brown ...
Molecular genetics of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa
... some of the genes analysed (RP1, IMPDH1, NRL, and FSCN2) that caused amino acid substitutions (table 2). In particular, the RP1 gene has a significantly high frequency of missense variations with no pathogenic significance. Interestingly, one of these sequence variants, 5448CRA, which determines a p ...
... some of the genes analysed (RP1, IMPDH1, NRL, and FSCN2) that caused amino acid substitutions (table 2). In particular, the RP1 gene has a significantly high frequency of missense variations with no pathogenic significance. Interestingly, one of these sequence variants, 5448CRA, which determines a p ...
Chapter 13 Unintended Horizontal Transfer of Recombinant DNA
... integrated into the genome of an organism will have a deleterious effect due to its interference with the host cell biology and genome structure (Elena et al. 1998; Doerfler 2000). HGT processes thus resemble mutational processes, that is, they may occur by chance and repeatedly over time, but a ver ...
... integrated into the genome of an organism will have a deleterious effect due to its interference with the host cell biology and genome structure (Elena et al. 1998; Doerfler 2000). HGT processes thus resemble mutational processes, that is, they may occur by chance and repeatedly over time, but a ver ...
Ribosome stalls at trp codons, allowing 2+3 pairing Transcription
... Enzymes acting in pathway to produce tryptophan. Gene order correlates with order of reactions in pathway. Premature termination of transcription when trp levels are high ...
... Enzymes acting in pathway to produce tryptophan. Gene order correlates with order of reactions in pathway. Premature termination of transcription when trp levels are high ...
Deciphering the developmental program in the ascidian
... Sox17, which belongs to a family of transcription factors that contain the high mobility group box found in the sex-determining region Y gene. It is possible that the differences between the frog and zebrafish are caused by a simple technical artifact. However, it is also probable that in these spec ...
... Sox17, which belongs to a family of transcription factors that contain the high mobility group box found in the sex-determining region Y gene. It is possible that the differences between the frog and zebrafish are caused by a simple technical artifact. However, it is also probable that in these spec ...
Semiconservative Replication in the Quasispecies Model
... not necessarily paired with σ̄. Rather, once cell division is finished, the original σ is paired with some σ ′ , and similarly for σ̄. Each genome {σ, σ̄} has a characteristic replication mismatch probability ǫ{σ,σ̄} (a base-pair-independent mismatch probability is certainly a simplification, but it ...
... not necessarily paired with σ̄. Rather, once cell division is finished, the original σ is paired with some σ ′ , and similarly for σ̄. Each genome {σ, σ̄} has a characteristic replication mismatch probability ǫ{σ,σ̄} (a base-pair-independent mismatch probability is certainly a simplification, but it ...
Symbiosis, Evolvability and Modularity
... an inducer gene, which switches off a repressor protein made by a regulatory gene. Any protein that would bind to the repressor protein, altering its shape would do. Many proteins could do that. The same gene products can act as either inhibitors or inducers; for inhibitors can have as their target ...
... an inducer gene, which switches off a repressor protein made by a regulatory gene. Any protein that would bind to the repressor protein, altering its shape would do. Many proteins could do that. The same gene products can act as either inhibitors or inducers; for inhibitors can have as their target ...
Mosaic screens
... 1. Direct screens: will often fail to identify essential genes required earlier in development (exceptionhypomorphic mutations). 2. Sensitized screens: enhancer screens. 3. FLP/FRT mosaic screens. ...
... 1. Direct screens: will often fail to identify essential genes required earlier in development (exceptionhypomorphic mutations). 2. Sensitized screens: enhancer screens. 3. FLP/FRT mosaic screens. ...
chapter 13 meiosis and sexual life cycles
... The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2n, where n is the haploid number of the organism. If n = 3, there are 23 = 8 possible combinations. For humans with n = 23, there are 223, or more than 8 million possible combinations of chromosomes. ...
... The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2n, where n is the haploid number of the organism. If n = 3, there are 23 = 8 possible combinations. For humans with n = 23, there are 223, or more than 8 million possible combinations of chromosomes. ...
- Global Genes
... Expectations of Gene Therapy The potential benefits of gene therapy are broad reaching. Like an expert archer poised to hit a bull’s-eye, researchers around the world are taking aim at minimizing the proliferation of rare diseases via gene therapy. Gene therapy goes further than just treating some o ...
... Expectations of Gene Therapy The potential benefits of gene therapy are broad reaching. Like an expert archer poised to hit a bull’s-eye, researchers around the world are taking aim at minimizing the proliferation of rare diseases via gene therapy. Gene therapy goes further than just treating some o ...
Identification of Full and Partial Class Relevant Genes
... Elitism and diversity in P (t+1) is maintained based on Pareto dominance and crowding distance ...
... Elitism and diversity in P (t+1) is maintained based on Pareto dominance and crowding distance ...
Transgene inheritance in plants
... Any new transgene or transgene-associated sequence may confer or be subject to epistatic gene interaction, as reported by NAP et al. (1997). Those authors studied the interaction of the transgene alleles both within a locus (dominance) and between loci (epistasis) using six transgenic tobacco lines, ...
... Any new transgene or transgene-associated sequence may confer or be subject to epistatic gene interaction, as reported by NAP et al. (1997). Those authors studied the interaction of the transgene alleles both within a locus (dominance) and between loci (epistasis) using six transgenic tobacco lines, ...
Characteristics, causes and evolutionary consequences of male
... genomes. It might also be argued that focusing on the same sequence inserted at many different locations in the genome reduces the confounding effects of mutation rate heterogeneity related to inherent features of the sequence context, like nucleotide composition. However, interspersed elements tend ...
... genomes. It might also be argued that focusing on the same sequence inserted at many different locations in the genome reduces the confounding effects of mutation rate heterogeneity related to inherent features of the sequence context, like nucleotide composition. However, interspersed elements tend ...
Interphase chromosome profiling (ICP)
... The patient is a 34 year old G0P0 referred for infertility evaluation. She reported an absence of natural menarche, but she was subsequently able to have menstrual cycles with oral contraceptive initiation. However, when she stopped the treatment, her amenorrhea returned. Past medical history is sig ...
... The patient is a 34 year old G0P0 referred for infertility evaluation. She reported an absence of natural menarche, but she was subsequently able to have menstrual cycles with oral contraceptive initiation. However, when she stopped the treatment, her amenorrhea returned. Past medical history is sig ...
1 BIOL2323: GENERAL GENETICS STUDY GUIDE
... explain the theoretical possibilities to encode 20 amino acids using a 4-letter code explain the phenomenon of intragenic suppression and how it was used to prove the existence of a triplet code know the experimental approaches that were used to crack to the genetic code know the start codon and the ...
... explain the theoretical possibilities to encode 20 amino acids using a 4-letter code explain the phenomenon of intragenic suppression and how it was used to prove the existence of a triplet code know the experimental approaches that were used to crack to the genetic code know the start codon and the ...
Chapter 1: The Genetic Approach to Biology Questions for Chapter 1
... Nucleotides are joined by weak hydrogen bonds that can be separated by DNA polymerase or helicase Nucleotides (ATGC) are joined to strand at sulfur and phosphorus Strong covalent bonds occur along each strand (sulfur and phosporus) 2. Diversity of Genes There are four kinds of nucleotide (ATGC) wit ...
... Nucleotides are joined by weak hydrogen bonds that can be separated by DNA polymerase or helicase Nucleotides (ATGC) are joined to strand at sulfur and phosphorus Strong covalent bonds occur along each strand (sulfur and phosporus) 2. Diversity of Genes There are four kinds of nucleotide (ATGC) wit ...
suppression of the ras1 mutant phenotype. encoding a protein
... functional gene to a 4-kbp BamHI-SmaI fragment. This fragment was subcloned into pUC118 and pUC119 for nucleotide sequencing. The nucleotide sequence revealed an intronless open reading frame of 1,977 bp, with the capacity to encode a protein of 659 amino acids (Fig. 2). Amino acid sequence similari ...
... functional gene to a 4-kbp BamHI-SmaI fragment. This fragment was subcloned into pUC118 and pUC119 for nucleotide sequencing. The nucleotide sequence revealed an intronless open reading frame of 1,977 bp, with the capacity to encode a protein of 659 amino acids (Fig. 2). Amino acid sequence similari ...
Male-Biased Mutation Rate and Divergence in Autosomal, Z
... 2000; Bartosch-Härlid et al. 2003); the Z chromosome evolves faster than the W chromosome. There is some variation in the different estimates of avian am (1.7 to 6.5), but the confidence intervals associated with these estimates are large, and so far, all estimates have been based on molecular evol ...
... 2000; Bartosch-Härlid et al. 2003); the Z chromosome evolves faster than the W chromosome. There is some variation in the different estimates of avian am (1.7 to 6.5), but the confidence intervals associated with these estimates are large, and so far, all estimates have been based on molecular evol ...
Gene Section EXT2 (exostoses (multiple) 2) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... A tumour suppressor function is suggested; exostosin-2 (EXT2) is an endoplasmic reticulum localized type II transmembrane glycoprotein which together with exostosin-1 (EXT1) forms a Golgi-localized heterooligomeric complex that catalyzes heparan sulphate (HS) polymerization. It is thus hypothesized ...
... A tumour suppressor function is suggested; exostosin-2 (EXT2) is an endoplasmic reticulum localized type II transmembrane glycoprotein which together with exostosin-1 (EXT1) forms a Golgi-localized heterooligomeric complex that catalyzes heparan sulphate (HS) polymerization. It is thus hypothesized ...
Chapter 6: DCG—Disorders with Complex Genetics
... If Sally is tested and tests negative, there is no problem—the probability that her father Fred has the gene remains at .50. However, if Sally tests positive, then Fred must have the gene because that is the only way Sally could have gotten it. If Sally’s test results in this case become known withi ...
... If Sally is tested and tests negative, there is no problem—the probability that her father Fred has the gene remains at .50. However, if Sally tests positive, then Fred must have the gene because that is the only way Sally could have gotten it. If Sally’s test results in this case become known withi ...
Genome evolution
Genome evolution is the process by which a genome changes in structure (sequence) or size over time. The study of genome evolution involves multiple fields such as structural analysis of the genome, the study of genomic parasites, gene and ancient genome duplications, polyploidy, and comparative genomics. Genome evolution is a constantly changing and evolving field due to the steadily growing number of sequenced genomes, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, available to the scientific community and the public at large.