Information entropy as an anthropomorphic concept
... same characteristics. The idea of using entropy for measuring diversity is not new and the benefits of this idea have been studied extensively; see (Heip & Engels, 1974)) and (Burke et al., 2004). The use of the definition of entropy presented in this paper for measuring diversity has the advantage ...
... same characteristics. The idea of using entropy for measuring diversity is not new and the benefits of this idea have been studied extensively; see (Heip & Engels, 1974)) and (Burke et al., 2004). The use of the definition of entropy presented in this paper for measuring diversity has the advantage ...
Polygenic Traits - Advanced - cK-12
... Human skin color is primarily due to the presence of the pigment melanin in the skin. Melanin is not a protein, but it is the product of a biosynthetic pathway. Skin color is a polygenic trait and obviously demonstrates quantitative characteristics. A number of genes factor into determining a person ...
... Human skin color is primarily due to the presence of the pigment melanin in the skin. Melanin is not a protein, but it is the product of a biosynthetic pathway. Skin color is a polygenic trait and obviously demonstrates quantitative characteristics. A number of genes factor into determining a person ...
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
... • Genotyping a large number of SNPs is costprohibitive. – Essential to choose a set of SNPs to be genotyped such that this set predicts the rest of the SNPs (not typed) with high accuracy. – This set of SNPs is called the tag SNPs. • Tag SNP selection deals with finding a set of tag SNPs of minimum ...
... • Genotyping a large number of SNPs is costprohibitive. – Essential to choose a set of SNPs to be genotyped such that this set predicts the rest of the SNPs (not typed) with high accuracy. – This set of SNPs is called the tag SNPs. • Tag SNP selection deals with finding a set of tag SNPs of minimum ...
LAB 11 Natural Selection
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
chapter 13 meiosis and sexual life cycles
... Independent assortment of chromosomes contributes to genetic variability due to the random orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes at the metaphase plate during meiosis I. There is a fifty-fifty chance that a particular daughter cell of meiosis I will get the maternal chromosome of a certai ...
... Independent assortment of chromosomes contributes to genetic variability due to the random orientation of homologous pairs of chromosomes at the metaphase plate during meiosis I. There is a fifty-fifty chance that a particular daughter cell of meiosis I will get the maternal chromosome of a certai ...
LAB 1: Scientific Method/Tools of Scientific Inquiry
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
The Importance of Marine Genomics to Life
... Genomics is a field of study that is rapidly transforming many areas of biological and biomedical research which has enabled the transition from sequential studies of single genes to more ecological approach. It also involves the simultaneous study of many components and their interactions with the ...
... Genomics is a field of study that is rapidly transforming many areas of biological and biomedical research which has enabled the transition from sequential studies of single genes to more ecological approach. It also involves the simultaneous study of many components and their interactions with the ...
Ch. 14 PPT Notes File
... Concept 14.2: The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance • Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of probability • When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss has no impact on the outcome of the next toss • In the same way, the alleles of one gene segre ...
... Concept 14.2: The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance • Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of probability • When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss has no impact on the outcome of the next toss • In the same way, the alleles of one gene segre ...
Chapter 14 Study Guide Mendel and the Gene Idea A.P. Biology Ms
... Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper in complete thoughts and sentences. Typed answers are preferred to hand written answers. Gregor Mendel's Discoveries 1. Describe the favored model of heredity in the 19th century prior to Mendel. 2. Explain how observations by M ...
... Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper in complete thoughts and sentences. Typed answers are preferred to hand written answers. Gregor Mendel's Discoveries 1. Describe the favored model of heredity in the 19th century prior to Mendel. 2. Explain how observations by M ...
The vertebrate genome annotation (Vega) database
... (NMD) Further more, transcript variants for which a CDS cannot be assigned confidently, are classified into the following main types: (i) Transcript: does not qualify for any of the specific types below. (ii) Retained intron: relative to an appropriate reference variant, transcript contains intronic se ...
... (NMD) Further more, transcript variants for which a CDS cannot be assigned confidently, are classified into the following main types: (i) Transcript: does not qualify for any of the specific types below. (ii) Retained intron: relative to an appropriate reference variant, transcript contains intronic se ...
chapter 14 mendel & the gene idea
... Concept 14.2: The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance • Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of probability • When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss has no impact on the outcome of the next toss • In the same way, the alleles of one gene segre ...
... Concept 14.2: The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance • Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect the rules of probability • When tossing a coin, the outcome of one toss has no impact on the outcome of the next toss • In the same way, the alleles of one gene segre ...
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Problems
... 6. In humans, the Rh factor genetic information is inherited from our parents, but it is inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles. In humans, Rh+ individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells, while Rh− individuals do not. There are two different alleles for the Rh factor kno ...
... 6. In humans, the Rh factor genetic information is inherited from our parents, but it is inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles. In humans, Rh+ individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells, while Rh− individuals do not. There are two different alleles for the Rh factor kno ...
Quantitative genetics
... • Would we expect the allele to become more common where it is presently rare? • Use tools developed to model answers to such questions: Godfrey H. Hardy, a mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a physician, independently proposed a simple algebraic equation for analyzing alleles in populations. – Un ...
... • Would we expect the allele to become more common where it is presently rare? • Use tools developed to model answers to such questions: Godfrey H. Hardy, a mathematician, and Wilhelm Weinberg, a physician, independently proposed a simple algebraic equation for analyzing alleles in populations. – Un ...
MS Word - VCU Secrets of the Sequence
... Interested students may wish to read: Groce N.E Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Heredity Deafness on Martha’s Vineyard. 1985. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, or for more information about deafness in Chilmark visit http://deafness.about.com/cs/featurearticles/a/marthasvineyard.htm 2. Ask a s ...
... Interested students may wish to read: Groce N.E Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Heredity Deafness on Martha’s Vineyard. 1985. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, or for more information about deafness in Chilmark visit http://deafness.about.com/cs/featurearticles/a/marthasvineyard.htm 2. Ask a s ...
Multilocus genetic models of handedness closely resemble
... currently been identified35–37 (Hannah Mitchison, personal communication, 2012). Motile cilia are extremely complex biomolecular machines38 (see www.ciliaproteome.org), with recent estimates suggesting well over 800 proteins in the ciliary proteome (Hannah Mitchison, personal communication, 2012), d ...
... currently been identified35–37 (Hannah Mitchison, personal communication, 2012). Motile cilia are extremely complex biomolecular machines38 (see www.ciliaproteome.org), with recent estimates suggesting well over 800 proteins in the ciliary proteome (Hannah Mitchison, personal communication, 2012), d ...
Mendelian Genetics notes
... If any of the 5 conditions for maintaining a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met, then evolution must be occurring. Of course, none of these conditions is ever permanently met in any known natural population of organisms: Mutations occur at a slow but steady rate in all known populations. Ma ...
... If any of the 5 conditions for maintaining a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are not met, then evolution must be occurring. Of course, none of these conditions is ever permanently met in any known natural population of organisms: Mutations occur at a slow but steady rate in all known populations. Ma ...
Chapter 10: DIPLOIDY
... GAs. He suggested an intuitive way to implement diploidy and presented some mathematical analysis of fitness proportional selection to justify its use in time-varying problems. An extension of the classical schema theorem for diploid GAs was used and GA with selection and mutation only (no crossover ...
... GAs. He suggested an intuitive way to implement diploidy and presented some mathematical analysis of fitness proportional selection to justify its use in time-varying problems. An extension of the classical schema theorem for diploid GAs was used and GA with selection and mutation only (no crossover ...
iGenetics: A Molecular Approach, 3e (Russell/Bose)
... genetic diseases and will allow us to develop better cures. Skill: Factual recall 39) How can a genetic map be used? Answer: Genetic maps can be used in the process of localizing genes and studying the distribution of genes on chromosomes and in the genome. Skill: Factual recall 40) What is recombin ...
... genetic diseases and will allow us to develop better cures. Skill: Factual recall 39) How can a genetic map be used? Answer: Genetic maps can be used in the process of localizing genes and studying the distribution of genes on chromosomes and in the genome. Skill: Factual recall 40) What is recombin ...
Evolution of RH Genes in Hominoids: Characterization of a Gorilla
... The human Rh system encompasses five main antigens—D, C, c, E, and e—that are present on red blood cells ( Issitt and Anstee 1998). The term ‘‘Rhesus antigen’’ was introduced by Landsteiner and Wiener, who found that rabbits (and later, guinea pigs) immunized with red blood cells (RBCs) from a rhesu ...
... The human Rh system encompasses five main antigens—D, C, c, E, and e—that are present on red blood cells ( Issitt and Anstee 1998). The term ‘‘Rhesus antigen’’ was introduced by Landsteiner and Wiener, who found that rabbits (and later, guinea pigs) immunized with red blood cells (RBCs) from a rhesu ...
Bio 6 – Natural Selection Lab Overview
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
... Although a real population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this equation is nevertheless useful for estimating the likely distribution of genotypes if the allele frequencies are known. For example, if the frequency of the B allele in your prey population is 0.6, then clearly there is a 0.6 pro ...
Sex-linked dosage-sensitive modifiers as imprinting
... Fig. 2. Effect of an X-linked, dosage-sensitive, class I modifier (CIM) on the expression of an allele at a modified (m) locus. Open circles represent cells in which the allele is expressed. Filled circles represent cells in which the allele is not expressed. See text. product increases the spread o ...
... Fig. 2. Effect of an X-linked, dosage-sensitive, class I modifier (CIM) on the expression of an allele at a modified (m) locus. Open circles represent cells in which the allele is expressed. Filled circles represent cells in which the allele is not expressed. See text. product increases the spread o ...
Letter to the Editor
... of recombination, and hence the probability that the toxin and anti-toxin genes would come into linkage disequilibrium is higher than in chromosomal domains with free recombination. It is thus significant that scat is very close to the centromere on chromosome 8. The above models describe two loci, ...
... of recombination, and hence the probability that the toxin and anti-toxin genes would come into linkage disequilibrium is higher than in chromosomal domains with free recombination. It is thus significant that scat is very close to the centromere on chromosome 8. The above models describe two loci, ...
iGenetics: A Molecular Approach, 3e (Russell/Bose)
... Answer: Recombinant DNA technology encompasses procedures that allow scientists to join together DNA from two or more different organisms and make many identical copies of them (cloning). Skill: Factual recall ...
... Answer: Recombinant DNA technology encompasses procedures that allow scientists to join together DNA from two or more different organisms and make many identical copies of them (cloning). Skill: Factual recall ...
9 Selection on Correlated Characters
... The breeder’s equation (R=h2S) is best suited for plant and animal breeding where the parents can be chosen based on very specific traits. In natural populations selection is rarely directed at a single trait. Survival and fecundity will depend on many aspects of an organism’s morphology, life histo ...
... The breeder’s equation (R=h2S) is best suited for plant and animal breeding where the parents can be chosen based on very specific traits. In natural populations selection is rarely directed at a single trait. Survival and fecundity will depend on many aspects of an organism’s morphology, life histo ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.