Package `CPBayes`
... of r^2 < 0.01 (r: the correlation between the genotypes at a pair of SNPs). In the absence of insample linkage disequilibrium (LD) information, one can use the reference panel LD information for this screening. Finally, compute the correlation matrix of the effect estimates (beta-hat vector) as the ...
... of r^2 < 0.01 (r: the correlation between the genotypes at a pair of SNPs). In the absence of insample linkage disequilibrium (LD) information, one can use the reference panel LD information for this screening. Finally, compute the correlation matrix of the effect estimates (beta-hat vector) as the ...
The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19
... Markers from the deCODE genetic map were aligned to the chromosome and the average recombination rate was calculated for each 1 Mb window along its length. Female, male, and sex-averaged recombination rates are indicated in pink, blue and yellow, respectively. [Adobe PDF, 528 KB] ...
... Markers from the deCODE genetic map were aligned to the chromosome and the average recombination rate was calculated for each 1 Mb window along its length. Female, male, and sex-averaged recombination rates are indicated in pink, blue and yellow, respectively. [Adobe PDF, 528 KB] ...
Using an Alu Insertion Polymorphism to Study Human
... Although DNA from any two people is more alike than different, many chromosome regions exhibit sequence differences between individuals. Such variable sequences are termed “polymorphic” (meaning many forms) and are used in the study of human evolution, as well as for disease and identity testing. Ma ...
... Although DNA from any two people is more alike than different, many chromosome regions exhibit sequence differences between individuals. Such variable sequences are termed “polymorphic” (meaning many forms) and are used in the study of human evolution, as well as for disease and identity testing. Ma ...
A locus for sodium exclusion (Nax1), a trait for salt tolerance
... identified in a screen of 54 T. turgidum accessions (Munns et al. 2000; there referred to as selection number 126 775b). The mapping population was derived from the cross between Line 149 and the Australian durum wheat cultivar, Tamaroi, using 100 F2 phenotyped individuals. The F2:3 progeny were also ...
... identified in a screen of 54 T. turgidum accessions (Munns et al. 2000; there referred to as selection number 126 775b). The mapping population was derived from the cross between Line 149 and the Australian durum wheat cultivar, Tamaroi, using 100 F2 phenotyped individuals. The F2:3 progeny were also ...
Genomics-based approaches to improve drought tolerance of crops
... Osmotic adjustment: the process of water potential reduction of a cell, without a decrease in turgor, obtained by the coordinated accumulation of ions in the vacuole and compatible solutes (e.g. molecules not interfering with enzymatic functions such as proline, sorbitol and/or glycine betaine) in t ...
... Osmotic adjustment: the process of water potential reduction of a cell, without a decrease in turgor, obtained by the coordinated accumulation of ions in the vacuole and compatible solutes (e.g. molecules not interfering with enzymatic functions such as proline, sorbitol and/or glycine betaine) in t ...
CLINICAL MEDICAL POLICY - highmarkhealthoptions.com
... have a mutation in both copies of the cystic fibrosis gene to have cystic fibrosis. If a person only has one copy of the CF gene and the other copy is normal, the person does not have CF but is considered a CF carrier. About 10 million people in the Unites States are CF carriers. There are more than ...
... have a mutation in both copies of the cystic fibrosis gene to have cystic fibrosis. If a person only has one copy of the CF gene and the other copy is normal, the person does not have CF but is considered a CF carrier. About 10 million people in the Unites States are CF carriers. There are more than ...
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION-Biology Class 10
... 1. If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same species, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier? Ans. In asexual reproduction there very small variation in trait due to small inaccuracies in DNA copying . Therefore, trai ...
... 1. If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same species, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier? Ans. In asexual reproduction there very small variation in trait due to small inaccuracies in DNA copying . Therefore, trai ...
Genetic Equilibrium - Advanced Student Version
... In standard Mendelian genetics, the heterozygous condition (e.g. Aa) retains the homozygous dominant phenotype because the dominant allele masks the phenotype of the recessive allele. An example of this in humans would be a heterozygote for brown eye color. The person would carry both a dominant bro ...
... In standard Mendelian genetics, the heterozygous condition (e.g. Aa) retains the homozygous dominant phenotype because the dominant allele masks the phenotype of the recessive allele. An example of this in humans would be a heterozygote for brown eye color. The person would carry both a dominant bro ...
Population Genetics and the Hardy
... Population genetics instead focuses on the overall gene pool in a population of interbreeding organisms - that is, the frequency of all alleles of all genes in the population - and whether the gene pool may be changing across generations in a population. Population genetics examines the relationship ...
... Population genetics instead focuses on the overall gene pool in a population of interbreeding organisms - that is, the frequency of all alleles of all genes in the population - and whether the gene pool may be changing across generations in a population. Population genetics examines the relationship ...
What It Means to Be 98% Chimpanzee : Apes, People, and Their
... The general estimate, which there is no good reason to doubt at present, is that about seven million years ago Homo, Pan, and Gorilla all comprised a single species. That species lived in Africa (which is, after all, where its descendants live), and probably resembled the chimpanzee. One group evolv ...
... The general estimate, which there is no good reason to doubt at present, is that about seven million years ago Homo, Pan, and Gorilla all comprised a single species. That species lived in Africa (which is, after all, where its descendants live), and probably resembled the chimpanzee. One group evolv ...
Comparative Sequence Analysis of a Region on Human
... according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Bidirectional sequencing of all plasmids and PCR clones with vector- or gene-specific primers was performed by fluorescence tagged chain termination (Big Dye Terminator, Perkin–Elmer–ABI) followed by fractionation on an Applied Biosystems 310 automated DNA ...
... according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Bidirectional sequencing of all plasmids and PCR clones with vector- or gene-specific primers was performed by fluorescence tagged chain termination (Big Dye Terminator, Perkin–Elmer–ABI) followed by fractionation on an Applied Biosystems 310 automated DNA ...
MGI
... Diseases are characterized by phenotypes including the order, severity and duration with which they occur. A full model of disease takes into account dimensions of anatomy, time, severity, therapeutic responsiveness, outcomes etc. There is also a probabilistic element to an instance of the disease a ...
... Diseases are characterized by phenotypes including the order, severity and duration with which they occur. A full model of disease takes into account dimensions of anatomy, time, severity, therapeutic responsiveness, outcomes etc. There is also a probabilistic element to an instance of the disease a ...
12.04.518 Preconception Testing for Carrier Status of Genetic
... recessive mutation are typically unaffected. Offspring who inherit the mutation from both parents usually manifest the disorder. When associated with an autosomal dominant or an Xlinked dominant disorder, the individual may be affected with the disorder or at high risk of developing the disorder lat ...
... recessive mutation are typically unaffected. Offspring who inherit the mutation from both parents usually manifest the disorder. When associated with an autosomal dominant or an Xlinked dominant disorder, the individual may be affected with the disorder or at high risk of developing the disorder lat ...
Schlichting, CD and Smith, H
... It is vital to distinguish between the plasticity of fitness, and plasticity of its components (Lortie and Aarssen, 1996; Taylor and Aarssen, 1988). Selection will always act to increase fitness, and to maintain it at high levels. Thus, in theory, selection should operate to reduce the plasticity of fi ...
... It is vital to distinguish between the plasticity of fitness, and plasticity of its components (Lortie and Aarssen, 1996; Taylor and Aarssen, 1988). Selection will always act to increase fitness, and to maintain it at high levels. Thus, in theory, selection should operate to reduce the plasticity of fi ...
PerfectBabyFullText
... to the philosophical method developed by William James and John Dewey, in the first booklength attempt to use classical American pragmatism to solve a problem in bioethics. It is an important method, one that brings the importance of empirical investigation and scientific discovery to bear on moral ...
... to the philosophical method developed by William James and John Dewey, in the first booklength attempt to use classical American pragmatism to solve a problem in bioethics. It is an important method, one that brings the importance of empirical investigation and scientific discovery to bear on moral ...
Chapter 18: Quantitative Genetics I – Important Concepts
... not equal to the average of the genotypic values of the two homozygotes. The average value of genotypes aa and AA is (94 + 108)/2 = 101, but the actual genotypic value of Aa is 96. This indicates a certain degree of dominant gene action for allele a. Allele a is not completely dominant; otherwise, t ...
... not equal to the average of the genotypic values of the two homozygotes. The average value of genotypes aa and AA is (94 + 108)/2 = 101, but the actual genotypic value of Aa is 96. This indicates a certain degree of dominant gene action for allele a. Allele a is not completely dominant; otherwise, t ...
Intraspecific variation in social organization by genetic variation
... Figure 1. The four processes that can lead to intraspecific variation in social organization. To explain the variation observed at the population level, we need to consider variation at the individual level. Only the two processes in (b,d ) represent phenotypic plasticity. (a,b) Different individual ...
... Figure 1. The four processes that can lead to intraspecific variation in social organization. To explain the variation observed at the population level, we need to consider variation at the individual level. Only the two processes in (b,d ) represent phenotypic plasticity. (a,b) Different individual ...
Haplotype - Biomedical Informatics
... A Little Population Genetics • Population genetics (and evolutionary genetics) deal with groups of organisms and families, usually natural populations. • We can discern two strands of thought in the area. One is the study of very large ("ideal") idealized groups or populations, where models can be ...
... A Little Population Genetics • Population genetics (and evolutionary genetics) deal with groups of organisms and families, usually natural populations. • We can discern two strands of thought in the area. One is the study of very large ("ideal") idealized groups or populations, where models can be ...
Diagnostic Clinical Genome and Exome Sequencing
... hereafter referred to as clinical genome and exome sequencing (CGES), has now entered medical practice.1 Several thousand CGES tests have already been ordered for patients, with the goal of establishing diagnoses for rare, clinically unrecognizable, or puzzling disorders that are suspected to be gen ...
... hereafter referred to as clinical genome and exome sequencing (CGES), has now entered medical practice.1 Several thousand CGES tests have already been ordered for patients, with the goal of establishing diagnoses for rare, clinically unrecognizable, or puzzling disorders that are suspected to be gen ...
QTL-mapping of individual resistance against American Apis mellifera
... pathogen might be governed by highly specialized mechanisms as a result of an evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. Such genes might be very different from the rather unspecific immune pathways common to all insects. Quantitative trait locus (QTL)-mapping provides an excellent tool for t ...
... pathogen might be governed by highly specialized mechanisms as a result of an evolutionary arms race between host and pathogen. Such genes might be very different from the rather unspecific immune pathways common to all insects. Quantitative trait locus (QTL)-mapping provides an excellent tool for t ...
Soft Computing : Optimization Techniques using Genetic Algorithms
... same set of Chromosomes. • Chromosomes are strings of DNA and consists of genes, blocks of DNA. • Each gene encodes a trait, for example color of eyes. Possible settings for a trait (e.g. blue, brown) are called alleles. Each gene has its own position in the chromosome. This position is called locus ...
... same set of Chromosomes. • Chromosomes are strings of DNA and consists of genes, blocks of DNA. • Each gene encodes a trait, for example color of eyes. Possible settings for a trait (e.g. blue, brown) are called alleles. Each gene has its own position in the chromosome. This position is called locus ...
Experimental matings: Df/wt x wt
... Among many animals species, females retain sperm within specific regions of their reproductive tract (often chambers called storage organs) for various periods of time between the start of sperm transfer and when sperm leave the reproductive tract (Bloch Qazi et al., 2003). This phenomenon is cal ...
... Among many animals species, females retain sperm within specific regions of their reproductive tract (often chambers called storage organs) for various periods of time between the start of sperm transfer and when sperm leave the reproductive tract (Bloch Qazi et al., 2003). This phenomenon is cal ...
The 2R hypothesis and the human genome sequence
... separate loci without actually causing the diploidisation of the chromosomes in question. The mammalian Y chromosome may serve as a model for this process. It is an unusual chromosome because it is partially diploid (at the pseudoautosomal region), and the rest is haploid. Lahn and Page (1999) ident ...
... separate loci without actually causing the diploidisation of the chromosomes in question. The mammalian Y chromosome may serve as a model for this process. It is an unusual chromosome because it is partially diploid (at the pseudoautosomal region), and the rest is haploid. Lahn and Page (1999) ident ...
A dynamic deterministic model to optimize a multiple
... is an optimization technique based on an evolution of a population of artificial individuals. Each individual is a point in the research space and is characterized by its “chromosome” Ck, which determines the individual fitness h(Ck); k = 1,..., n; n is a population size. The evolution process consi ...
... is an optimization technique based on an evolution of a population of artificial individuals. Each individual is a point in the research space and is characterized by its “chromosome” Ck, which determines the individual fitness h(Ck); k = 1,..., n; n is a population size. The evolution process consi ...
Inbreeding uncovers fundamental differences in the
... Figure 2. Frequency distributions of the proportion of eggs hatching per mated female in the outbred base population and three classes of daughter lines (see figure 1): (a) outbred base population or P (n ¼ 35); (b) F1 (n ¼ 265); (c) F2 (n ¼ 692); and (d ) F2 cross or XP (n ¼ 74). Arrows indicate th ...
... Figure 2. Frequency distributions of the proportion of eggs hatching per mated female in the outbred base population and three classes of daughter lines (see figure 1): (a) outbred base population or P (n ¼ 35); (b) F1 (n ¼ 265); (c) F2 (n ¼ 692); and (d ) F2 cross or XP (n ¼ 74). Arrows indicate th ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.