Lecture 6 - Processes of evolution (microevolution)
... Genetic drift, sampling effect, bottleneck effect, founder effect Natural selection: directional selection, stabilizing selection, diversifying selection, sexual selection. ...
... Genetic drift, sampling effect, bottleneck effect, founder effect Natural selection: directional selection, stabilizing selection, diversifying selection, sexual selection. ...
Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry
... Communicated by Henry C. Harpending, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, May 18, 1998 (received for review July 2, 1997) ...
... Communicated by Henry C. Harpending, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, May 18, 1998 (received for review July 2, 1997) ...
Stem Cell Research
... DNA of Baby Increase development of screening tests Parental and state testing ...
... DNA of Baby Increase development of screening tests Parental and state testing ...
Conservation and sustainability use of genetic resources for food and agriculture
... observed in the screenhouse evaluation of TILLING mutant (Blair et al. CIAT) ...
... observed in the screenhouse evaluation of TILLING mutant (Blair et al. CIAT) ...
Study Guides
... When an individual __________________ from its population, its alleles are no longer part of that population’s gene pool. ...
... When an individual __________________ from its population, its alleles are no longer part of that population’s gene pool. ...
Personal genomics as a major focus of CSAIL research
... Enriched in brain-specific enhancers Near motifs of brain-specific regulators ...
... Enriched in brain-specific enhancers Near motifs of brain-specific regulators ...
PowerPoint Genetic Technology Notes
... Genetic testing can be used to determine if two prospective parents are carrying the ___________ for a genetic disorder such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Genetic tests are now available for diagnosing ___________ of disorders. Personal Identification No individual is exactly like any other genetically—e ...
... Genetic testing can be used to determine if two prospective parents are carrying the ___________ for a genetic disorder such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Genetic tests are now available for diagnosing ___________ of disorders. Personal Identification No individual is exactly like any other genetically—e ...
Mechanisms of Evolution
... their population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century. Their population has since rebounded to over 30,000 but their genes still carry the marks of this bottleneck. They have much less genetic variation than a population of southern elephant seals that was not so intensely ...
... their population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century. Their population has since rebounded to over 30,000 but their genes still carry the marks of this bottleneck. They have much less genetic variation than a population of southern elephant seals that was not so intensely ...
Genetic factors in aggression
... Furthermore, adoption studies have also provided support as one study found that adopted boys with criminal convictions had biological parents with criminal convictions. These boys were clearly aggressive due to genetic factors and not their rearing environment. However, the link is not as simple. T ...
... Furthermore, adoption studies have also provided support as one study found that adopted boys with criminal convictions had biological parents with criminal convictions. These boys were clearly aggressive due to genetic factors and not their rearing environment. However, the link is not as simple. T ...
Genetic Programming
... Mutations in Programs • Single parental program is probabilistically selected from the population based on fitness. • Mutation point randomly chosen. the subtree rooted at that point is deleted, and a new subtree is grown there using the same random growth process that was used to generate the init ...
... Mutations in Programs • Single parental program is probabilistically selected from the population based on fitness. • Mutation point randomly chosen. the subtree rooted at that point is deleted, and a new subtree is grown there using the same random growth process that was used to generate the init ...
Introduction to Genetic - Home
... Cancer usually arises in a single cell. The cell's progress from normal to malignant to metastatic appears to follow a series of distinct steps, each one controlled by a different gene or set of genes. Several types of genes have been implicated. ...
... Cancer usually arises in a single cell. The cell's progress from normal to malignant to metastatic appears to follow a series of distinct steps, each one controlled by a different gene or set of genes. Several types of genes have been implicated. ...
Human Variation - Department of Anthropology
... human biological adaptation to climatic extremes, and the history and differentiation of major human population groups. Two fossil human groups (Homo erectus and the Neanderthals) will also be covered, because of adaptations to climatic extremes shown in these groups, and because of their importance ...
... human biological adaptation to climatic extremes, and the history and differentiation of major human population groups. Two fossil human groups (Homo erectus and the Neanderthals) will also be covered, because of adaptations to climatic extremes shown in these groups, and because of their importance ...
Genetic Drift and Natural Selection
... (varying p from 0.1 to 0.9 and N from 10 to 250). N is the population size and p is f(A). Once you have the conditions set, just hit “Start” 8 times and the program will record the results. Record how many simulations had a p=1, 1>p>0, and p=0 in Table 1 below. For example, Figure 1 would be scored ...
... (varying p from 0.1 to 0.9 and N from 10 to 250). N is the population size and p is f(A). Once you have the conditions set, just hit “Start” 8 times and the program will record the results. Record how many simulations had a p=1, 1>p>0, and p=0 in Table 1 below. For example, Figure 1 would be scored ...
BSC 219
... 24.2 Statistical Methods Are Required for Analyzing Quantitative Characteristics The mean: the average The Variation and Standard Deviation Variance: the variability of a group of measurements Standard deviation: the square root of the variance. One standard deviation from mean covers 66% of area Tw ...
... 24.2 Statistical Methods Are Required for Analyzing Quantitative Characteristics The mean: the average The Variation and Standard Deviation Variance: the variability of a group of measurements Standard deviation: the square root of the variance. One standard deviation from mean covers 66% of area Tw ...
The Extinction Vortex
... What does it mean to be a “rare species?” • Describe 3 kinds of rarity • Wilson uses 3 bird species to illustrate the “layers” of rarity (p. 228-229) • Each group member review & describe what makes each of these three birds rare: – Bachman’s warbler – Kirtland’s warbler ...
... What does it mean to be a “rare species?” • Describe 3 kinds of rarity • Wilson uses 3 bird species to illustrate the “layers” of rarity (p. 228-229) • Each group member review & describe what makes each of these three birds rare: – Bachman’s warbler – Kirtland’s warbler ...
answers to exam 2011 - Learning on the Loop
... Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. This means that pairs of alleles are separated at meiosis. At fertilisation, which sperm fertilise which egg is due to chance and this results in new combinations of alleles. The advantage of variation to a species is that it may enable s ...
... Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. This means that pairs of alleles are separated at meiosis. At fertilisation, which sperm fertilise which egg is due to chance and this results in new combinations of alleles. The advantage of variation to a species is that it may enable s ...
NAME_______________________________ EXAM
... variation in populations is illustrated by the contrast between these diseases? Both diseases occur in individuals homozygous for an enzyme deficiency and who have a particular dietary environment (high phenylalanine for PKU, low vitamin C for scurvy). An individual phenotype is an inseparable inter ...
... variation in populations is illustrated by the contrast between these diseases? Both diseases occur in individuals homozygous for an enzyme deficiency and who have a particular dietary environment (high phenylalanine for PKU, low vitamin C for scurvy). An individual phenotype is an inseparable inter ...
Genetic Algorithm
... if the new position is better than the best found so far – store the new position as the best ...
... if the new position is better than the best found so far – store the new position as the best ...
Genetic Algorithm
... if the new position is better than the best found so far – store the new position as the best ...
... if the new position is better than the best found so far – store the new position as the best ...
changes the natural gene flow
... • In nature, genes flow from one generation to the next in a natural order driven by selective pressures • The genes of animals that have a high fitness are passed on, and the ones that do not, go extinct • However, genetic engineering does not always select the characteristic with the highest fitne ...
... • In nature, genes flow from one generation to the next in a natural order driven by selective pressures • The genes of animals that have a high fitness are passed on, and the ones that do not, go extinct • However, genetic engineering does not always select the characteristic with the highest fitne ...
Epigenetic modification of DNA
... genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of all human genes in all major tissues. • Methylation is tissue specific and is of major importance in the regulation of gene expression during development. ...
... genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of all human genes in all major tissues. • Methylation is tissue specific and is of major importance in the regulation of gene expression during development. ...
Model organisms: the genes we share
... Model organisms: the genes we share Introduction In this activity you will discover why scientists use different organisms to study human genetics and human disease. Model organisms can be used to test hypotheses or treatments such as new drugs. With model organisms, answers to scientific questions ...
... Model organisms: the genes we share Introduction In this activity you will discover why scientists use different organisms to study human genetics and human disease. Model organisms can be used to test hypotheses or treatments such as new drugs. With model organisms, answers to scientific questions ...
Guided Reading Chapter 2: Modern Genetics
... 15. Is the following sentence true or false? A carrier for colorblindness is colorblind. 16. Why is a son who receives the allele for colorblindness from his mother always going to be colorblind? 17. A chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a certain trait is called a(n) _ ...
... 15. Is the following sentence true or false? A carrier for colorblindness is colorblind. 16. Why is a son who receives the allele for colorblindness from his mother always going to be colorblind? 17. A chart or “family tree” that tracks which members of a family have a certain trait is called a(n) _ ...
Slide 1
... deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein produced is. Figure 8.17a, d ...
... deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein produced is. Figure 8.17a, d ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.