Human Origins and Intelligent Design*
... orangutans are also non-existent.19, 21 In light of the fossil record, it seems likely that the first simians and early hominoids are members of basic types distinct from both lower primates and living apes. Modern apes may represent at least one basic type. Crossbreeding and genetic experiments cou ...
... orangutans are also non-existent.19, 21 In light of the fossil record, it seems likely that the first simians and early hominoids are members of basic types distinct from both lower primates and living apes. Modern apes may represent at least one basic type. Crossbreeding and genetic experiments cou ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: Epigenetic regulation of the ACE gene
... because the definition of the “elite athlete” and the heterogeneity of the elite athlete phenotype may be variable. It is not clear how the ACE I/D polymorphism contributes to the enzyme level, nevertheless, in some cases it is known that the D allele mRNA is more abundant that the I allele mRNA (5) ...
... because the definition of the “elite athlete” and the heterogeneity of the elite athlete phenotype may be variable. It is not clear how the ACE I/D polymorphism contributes to the enzyme level, nevertheless, in some cases it is known that the D allele mRNA is more abundant that the I allele mRNA (5) ...
Genome-Wide Scan of Obesity in the Old Order Amish*
... and percent fat) to 0.83 (leptin and percent fat). Leptin concentrations were strongly correlated with BMI (r ⫽ 0.66); however, as shown in Fig. 1, there was considerable variation in leptin concentrations even among individuals with the same BMI. BMI-adjusted leptin levels were highly correlated wi ...
... and percent fat) to 0.83 (leptin and percent fat). Leptin concentrations were strongly correlated with BMI (r ⫽ 0.66); however, as shown in Fig. 1, there was considerable variation in leptin concentrations even among individuals with the same BMI. BMI-adjusted leptin levels were highly correlated wi ...
Mapping of partially overlapping de novo deletions across an autism
... performed within these regions. However, while rare mutations have been reported in some candidate genes, these are often found to affect relatively few autistic individuals and are seldom supported by association trends within larger cohorts. The lack of definitive linkage and association-based res ...
... performed within these regions. However, while rare mutations have been reported in some candidate genes, these are often found to affect relatively few autistic individuals and are seldom supported by association trends within larger cohorts. The lack of definitive linkage and association-based res ...
Genetic Testing and Molecular Diagnostics
... “Screening services, such as pre-symptomatic genetic tests and services, are those used to detect an undiagnosed disease or disease predisposition, and as such are not a Medicare benefit and not covered by Medicare. Similarly, Medicare may not reimburse the costs of tests/examinations that assess th ...
... “Screening services, such as pre-symptomatic genetic tests and services, are those used to detect an undiagnosed disease or disease predisposition, and as such are not a Medicare benefit and not covered by Medicare. Similarly, Medicare may not reimburse the costs of tests/examinations that assess th ...
A 15-Myr-Old Genetic Bottleneck - University of California San Diego
... polymorphism. First, dozens of alleles occur in natural populations with alleles accumulating until a balance is reached between selection favoring rarity and drift causing allele loss (Wright 1939; Lawrence 2000). Second, alleles are often very old because, if any allele drifts toward rarity, selec ...
... polymorphism. First, dozens of alleles occur in natural populations with alleles accumulating until a balance is reached between selection favoring rarity and drift causing allele loss (Wright 1939; Lawrence 2000). Second, alleles are often very old because, if any allele drifts toward rarity, selec ...
Genetic Basis of Polymurphism in the Color Vision of
... Callitrichid the new fitting procedures yieid average peak values of 543, 556 and 562mrt), in each case there is evidence for a photopi~ent pol~o~hism similar in character to that described for the squirrel monkey, i.e. each species appears to have the three classes of middle to long wavelength cone ...
... Callitrichid the new fitting procedures yieid average peak values of 543, 556 and 562mrt), in each case there is evidence for a photopi~ent pol~o~hism similar in character to that described for the squirrel monkey, i.e. each species appears to have the three classes of middle to long wavelength cone ...
Genetically modified soybean
... conventional soybeans are mixed with the GM variety, as no distinction is made between the two. genetic modification is deemed by some groups as unethical or immoral, while others are quite enthused at the opportunities it provides. Genetic modification in plants is really only an extension of applied ...
... conventional soybeans are mixed with the GM variety, as no distinction is made between the two. genetic modification is deemed by some groups as unethical or immoral, while others are quite enthused at the opportunities it provides. Genetic modification in plants is really only an extension of applied ...
News from the west: Ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial
... of significant post-Neolithic migrations, they proposed a Paleolithic ancestry for modern Europeans. Nonetheless, two recent publications (Bramanti et al., 2009; Malmström et al., 2009) reported sequences from late European hunter-gatherers that demonstrated genetic differentiation between ancient h ...
... of significant post-Neolithic migrations, they proposed a Paleolithic ancestry for modern Europeans. Nonetheless, two recent publications (Bramanti et al., 2009; Malmström et al., 2009) reported sequences from late European hunter-gatherers that demonstrated genetic differentiation between ancient h ...
Tumour necrosis factor α -308G/A gene polymorphism
... between cases and controls and to determine the association between TNFα308 G/A polymorphism and knee OA. To adjust differences in age, BMI, and gender between the groups, these three variables were included into the model as covariate and thus relations between genotypes and the disease were correc ...
... between cases and controls and to determine the association between TNFα308 G/A polymorphism and knee OA. To adjust differences in age, BMI, and gender between the groups, these three variables were included into the model as covariate and thus relations between genotypes and the disease were correc ...
The genetic epidemiology of idiopathic scoliosis
... the earlier MATN1 results may likely be false positives rather than differences related to genetic heterogeneity between populations. Human lysyl oxidases are enzymes involved in the modeling of collagen and elastin. Despite prior experiments in animal models suggesting a link to scoliosis, no assoc ...
... the earlier MATN1 results may likely be false positives rather than differences related to genetic heterogeneity between populations. Human lysyl oxidases are enzymes involved in the modeling of collagen and elastin. Despite prior experiments in animal models suggesting a link to scoliosis, no assoc ...
Mutualism and asexual reproduction influence recognition genes in
... encoded at the mat-B locus, as well as the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1a (Tef-1a) gene and the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, which includes the spacers ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The rab1 gene has been demonstrated previously to be involved in ...
... encoded at the mat-B locus, as well as the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1a (Tef-1a) gene and the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, which includes the spacers ITS1, ITS2, and the 5.8S rRNA gene. The rab1 gene has been demonstrated previously to be involved in ...
Correlation between sequence divergence and polymorphism
... americanum. No evidence was found for accD, even when searching against the raw reads, while infA is likely a pseudogene due to multiple internal stop codons. Only a 50 bp fragment remains of rpl23, though this fragment is present in at least two locations. The rps16 intron has also been lost. These ...
... americanum. No evidence was found for accD, even when searching against the raw reads, while infA is likely a pseudogene due to multiple internal stop codons. Only a 50 bp fragment remains of rpl23, though this fragment is present in at least two locations. The rps16 intron has also been lost. These ...
Non-random Allelic Variation
... trials the winning boat will have all the same oarsmen. A crew member finally chosen will have been grouped with both good and inferior ones at different times, but on average his performance has contributed more to the trials than one who was not chosen. Natural selection within populations can be ...
... trials the winning boat will have all the same oarsmen. A crew member finally chosen will have been grouped with both good and inferior ones at different times, but on average his performance has contributed more to the trials than one who was not chosen. Natural selection within populations can be ...
Protocol S1.
... With incomplete assortment (< 1) there is a single feasible equilibrium, which is always stable (see Appendix). This equilibrium is plotted in Figure 6 for the extreme cases of = 0 and = 1. It is described using the variables (s, x), since these correspond to the observed data that can be gat ...
... With incomplete assortment (< 1) there is a single feasible equilibrium, which is always stable (see Appendix). This equilibrium is plotted in Figure 6 for the extreme cases of = 0 and = 1. It is described using the variables (s, x), since these correspond to the observed data that can be gat ...
Modifying effects of phenotypic plasticity on interactions among
... flow between selective environments, by allowing individuals to phenotypically adapt to alternate environments (e.g. see Crispo & Chapman, 2008). On the other hand, gene flow may have positive effects on plasticity, if selection for increased plasticity occurs in high gene flow scenarios (Sultan & S ...
... flow between selective environments, by allowing individuals to phenotypically adapt to alternate environments (e.g. see Crispo & Chapman, 2008). On the other hand, gene flow may have positive effects on plasticity, if selection for increased plasticity occurs in high gene flow scenarios (Sultan & S ...
Accelerated Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in
... set of autosomes and one of their X chromosomes to the progeny during sexual reproduction, we predict similar effective population sizes for X chromosome and autosomes (i.e., NeA 5 NeX), and so an X:A diversity ratio equal to one (this hypothesis is validated by simulations in the present study). He ...
... set of autosomes and one of their X chromosomes to the progeny during sexual reproduction, we predict similar effective population sizes for X chromosome and autosomes (i.e., NeA 5 NeX), and so an X:A diversity ratio equal to one (this hypothesis is validated by simulations in the present study). He ...
Ugandan Kaposi`s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Phylogeny
... the B subtype originated with the first migrations of modern humans throughout Africa 100,000 years ago. Zong et al. [8] and Cook et al. [19] placed the divergence of subtype A from subtype C at several thousand to 35,000 years ago, well before Ugandan populations locally radiated into their current ...
... the B subtype originated with the first migrations of modern humans throughout Africa 100,000 years ago. Zong et al. [8] and Cook et al. [19] placed the divergence of subtype A from subtype C at several thousand to 35,000 years ago, well before Ugandan populations locally radiated into their current ...
In silico Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (Snps) in
... Datasets; is an open access database that houses genetic and protein interactions curated from the primary biomedical literature for all major model organism species and humans [28]. SIFT software: “Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant”. This is a sequences homology-based tool that presumes that importa ...
... Datasets; is an open access database that houses genetic and protein interactions curated from the primary biomedical literature for all major model organism species and humans [28]. SIFT software: “Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant”. This is a sequences homology-based tool that presumes that importa ...
Contribution of X chromosomal and autosomal genes to species
... In sympatric Drosophila species reproductive isolation involves both prezygotic (sexual and habitat isolation) and postzygotic (sterility or inviability of hybrids) isolation mechanisms, the former ones being significantly stronger than the latter ones (Coyne & Orr 1997, Noor 1997). Songs produced b ...
... In sympatric Drosophila species reproductive isolation involves both prezygotic (sexual and habitat isolation) and postzygotic (sterility or inviability of hybrids) isolation mechanisms, the former ones being significantly stronger than the latter ones (Coyne & Orr 1997, Noor 1997). Songs produced b ...
Animal breeding
... More generally, when we sample a population we are not looking at a single pedigree, but rather a complex collections of pedigrees. What are the rules of transmission (for the population) in this case? What happens to the frequencies of alleles from one generation to the next? What about the frequen ...
... More generally, when we sample a population we are not looking at a single pedigree, but rather a complex collections of pedigrees. What are the rules of transmission (for the population) in this case? What happens to the frequencies of alleles from one generation to the next? What about the frequen ...
Lack of significant associations between allozyme heterozygosity
... the dominance hypothesis, heterozygosity serves to cover deleterious recessives. The overdorninancc hypothesis implies that heterozygous genotypes arc bcucr per se (Smouse, 1986). At a given locus, thc hetcrozygote will outperform the homozygmcs. Heterosis is the reverse of inbreeding depression and ...
... the dominance hypothesis, heterozygosity serves to cover deleterious recessives. The overdorninancc hypothesis implies that heterozygous genotypes arc bcucr per se (Smouse, 1986). At a given locus, thc hetcrozygote will outperform the homozygmcs. Heterosis is the reverse of inbreeding depression and ...
Multiple mutations responsible for frequent genetic diseases in
... Negev Bedouins (Israel) and in Newfoundland (Canada). Newfoundland is a very young founder population (of less than 20 generations) that was genetically isolated. This isolation is evidenced by an abundance of several monogenic disorders mainly as a result of founder effects. However, the high preva ...
... Negev Bedouins (Israel) and in Newfoundland (Canada). Newfoundland is a very young founder population (of less than 20 generations) that was genetically isolated. This isolation is evidenced by an abundance of several monogenic disorders mainly as a result of founder effects. However, the high preva ...
Bioinformatics Variant Analysis
... variations are referred to as allele changes. A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide - A, T, C, or G - in the genome differs between members of a species (or between paired chromosomes in an individual). Each individual has many single ...
... variations are referred to as allele changes. A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide - A, T, C, or G - in the genome differs between members of a species (or between paired chromosomes in an individual). Each individual has many single ...
Pattern of diversity in the genomic region near the
... In maize (Zea mays subsp. mays), the teosinte branched1 (tb1) gene affords the opportunity to examine the connection between selection and diversity in a crop species. The tb1 gene is largely responsible for a major-effect quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 that controls differences in plant a ...
... In maize (Zea mays subsp. mays), the teosinte branched1 (tb1) gene affords the opportunity to examine the connection between selection and diversity in a crop species. The tb1 gene is largely responsible for a major-effect quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 that controls differences in plant a ...
Human genetic variation
Human genetic variation is the genetic differences both within and among populations. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (genes), leading to polymorphism. Many genes are not polymorphic, meaning that only a single allele is present in the population: the gene is then said to be fixed. On average, in terms of DNA sequence all humans are 99.9% similar to any other humans.No two humans are genetically identical. Even monozygotic twins, who develop from one zygote, have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene copy-number variation. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as genetic fingerprinting. Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations, with populations that are more geographically and ancestrally remote tending to differ more.Causes of differences between individuals include the exchange of genes during meiosis and various mutational events. There are at least two reasons why genetic variation exists between populations. Natural selection may confer an adaptive advantage to individuals in a specific environment if an allele provides a competitive advantage. Alleles under selection are likely to occur only in those geographic regions where they confer an advantage. The second main cause of genetic variation is due to the high degree of neutrality of most mutations. Most mutations do not appear to have any selective effect one way or the other on the organism. The main cause is genetic drift, this is the effect of random changes in the gene pool. In humans, founder effect and past small population size (increasing the likelihood of genetic drift) may have had an important influence in neutral differences between populations. The theory that humans recently migrated out of Africa supports this.The study of human genetic variation has both evolutionary significance and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient human population migrations as well as how different human groups are biologically related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.Apart from mutations, many genes that may have aided humans in ancient times plague humans today. For example, it is suspected that genes that allow humans to more efficiently process food are those that make people susceptible to obesity and diabetes today.