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Casimir Interaction between a Plate and a Cylinder T. Emig, M. Kardar,
Casimir Interaction between a Plate and a Cylinder T. Emig, M. Kardar,

... On a sphere, the positive and negative charges can be separated by at most distances of order R H. The retarded van der Waals interactions between these dipoles and their images on the plate leads to the Casimir-Polder interaction [6]. In the cylinder, fluctuations of charge along the axis of the ...
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... BEC) in 1998 [1, 2], many interesting phenomena have been investigated. Due to the competition between the interatomic interactions and the coupling of atoms to an external magnetic field [3, 4], these systems can exhibit various phases having different spinor order parameters [2]. Both theoretical ...
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... K, each line characterized by a certain J value must have 2J + 1 components. However, since K only appears as K2 in the equation, there will be only J + 1 different frequencies  all those with K > 0 being doubly degenerate. Note: each spectrum yields only one value of B, but the spectra of isotopic ...
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... In this form, the energy has a very simple meaning. At point ~r1 the electron density deviates from the ionic density, so that the net charge density is n (~r1 ) − ni . Similarly, at point ~r2 the net charge density is n (~r2 ) − ni . These local fluctuations in density interact via the Coulomb pote ...
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Ferromagnetism



Not to be confused with Ferrimagnetism; for an overview see Magnetism.Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as iron) form permanent magnets, or are attracted to magnets. In physics, several different types of magnetism are distinguished. Ferromagnetism (including ferrimagnetism) is the strongest type: it is the only one that typically creates forces strong enough to be felt, and is responsible for the common phenomena of magnetism in magnets encountered in everyday life. Substances respond weakly to magnetic fields with three other types of magnetism, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, and antiferromagnetism, but the forces are usually so weak that they can only be detected by sensitive instruments in a laboratory. An everyday example of ferromagnetism is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a refrigerator door. The attraction between a magnet and ferromagnetic material is ""the quality of magnetism first apparent to the ancient world, and to us today"".Permanent magnets (materials that can be magnetized by an external magnetic field and remain magnetized after the external field is removed) are either ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, as are other materials that are noticeably attracted to them. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic. The common ones are iron, nickel, cobalt and most of their alloys, some compounds of rare earth metals, and a few naturally-occurring minerals such as lodestone.Ferromagnetism is very important in industry and modern technology, and is the basis for many electrical and electromechanical devices such as electromagnets, electric motors, generators, transformers, and magnetic storage such as tape recorders, and hard disks.
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