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Low-Complexity MPPT Technique Exploiting the PV Module MPP
Low-Complexity MPPT Technique Exploiting the PV Module MPP

... is an essential part of any photovoltaic (PV) system [1]. This function is implemented by suitably controlling the power processing circuit which is almost always used as an interface between the PV generator and the load or the energy accumulator. In the last few years, several novel MPPT methods h ...
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Electrical substation



A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.
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