Seismotectonics of the Nubia plate compressive
... January 1994 and April 2005. (bottom) Hypocentral cross sections on profiles perpendicular to the main seismic clusters (labeled a – d) detected in the epicenter map, where the profile tracks are indicated by arrows. Contour intervals for the probability density level are as follows: 68%, 50%, and 2 ...
... January 1994 and April 2005. (bottom) Hypocentral cross sections on profiles perpendicular to the main seismic clusters (labeled a – d) detected in the epicenter map, where the profile tracks are indicated by arrows. Contour intervals for the probability density level are as follows: 68%, 50%, and 2 ...
Moment Magnitude Estimates for Earthquakes in the Greek Region
... the Swiss seismological service based in ETH Zürich, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), and the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) Institute of Geodynamics. The orthogonal regression method is applied to obtain the best-fit line between the NOA and the other magnitude estimates. Results ...
... the Swiss seismological service based in ETH Zürich, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), and the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) Institute of Geodynamics. The orthogonal regression method is applied to obtain the best-fit line between the NOA and the other magnitude estimates. Results ...
Dynamic triggering: The effects of remote earthquakes on volcanoes
... Plenty of observations prove static stress transfer, yet it is only effective within regional distances, that is up to approximately one fault length from the triggering earthquake [Toda et al., 2011]. This limits the range of static stress triggering to several hundred kilometers even for large Mw ...
... Plenty of observations prove static stress transfer, yet it is only effective within regional distances, that is up to approximately one fault length from the triggering earthquake [Toda et al., 2011]. This limits the range of static stress triggering to several hundred kilometers even for large Mw ...
Slab temperature controls on the Tonga double
... A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain these earthquakes, including dehydration embrittlement (11), plastic shear instability (12), transformational faulting (6), and fluid-related embrittlement (13). The upper zone hypocenters coincide well with locations where free fluids can be pro ...
... A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain these earthquakes, including dehydration embrittlement (11), plastic shear instability (12), transformational faulting (6), and fluid-related embrittlement (13). The upper zone hypocenters coincide well with locations where free fluids can be pro ...
Tsunami - Tulane University
... the earthquake, had a run-up 30 m and completely destroyed the lighthouse. 4.5 hours later the same tsunami reached the Hawaiian Islands after traveling at an average speed of 659 km/hr. As it approached the city of Hilo on the Big Island, it slowed to about 47 km/hr (note that even the fastest huma ...
... the earthquake, had a run-up 30 m and completely destroyed the lighthouse. 4.5 hours later the same tsunami reached the Hawaiian Islands after traveling at an average speed of 659 km/hr. As it approached the city of Hilo on the Big Island, it slowed to about 47 km/hr (note that even the fastest huma ...
Segmentation of seismicity along the Himalayan Arc due to
... in the transition zone between the seismically active detachment to the south and the aseismically slipping detachment to the north (Fig. 1a,c). This zone of concentrated earthquakes, which at surface is only 2030 km wide and criss-crosses the Main Central Thrust (MCT) is referred to Himalayan Seism ...
... in the transition zone between the seismically active detachment to the south and the aseismically slipping detachment to the north (Fig. 1a,c). This zone of concentrated earthquakes, which at surface is only 2030 km wide and criss-crosses the Main Central Thrust (MCT) is referred to Himalayan Seism ...
Tsunamis - Earth and Space Sciences
... graphically illustrate the power of storm waves in their description of boulders weighing several tons found as much as 50 m above sea level on cliff-tops along the Atlantic Irish coast. Such reassessments of the power of storm waves are prompting reinterpretation of some proposed tsunami deposits. ...
... graphically illustrate the power of storm waves in their description of boulders weighing several tons found as much as 50 m above sea level on cliff-tops along the Atlantic Irish coast. Such reassessments of the power of storm waves are prompting reinterpretation of some proposed tsunami deposits. ...
Tsunamis - Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington
... graphically illustrate the power of storm waves in their description of boulders weighing several tons found as much as 50 m above sea level on cliff-tops along the Atlantic Irish coast. Such reassessments of the power of storm waves are prompting reinterpretation of some proposed tsunami deposits. ...
... graphically illustrate the power of storm waves in their description of boulders weighing several tons found as much as 50 m above sea level on cliff-tops along the Atlantic Irish coast. Such reassessments of the power of storm waves are prompting reinterpretation of some proposed tsunami deposits. ...
Anomalous stress diffusion in earthquake triggering: Correlation
... Figure 1. Plot of the number of events following a potential triggering event as a function of distance for earthquakes of magnitude larger than or equal to 5.0 during 30 days of observation. After an initial decrease, the probability of having an event seems to increase at large distances because t ...
... Figure 1. Plot of the number of events following a potential triggering event as a function of distance for earthquakes of magnitude larger than or equal to 5.0 during 30 days of observation. After an initial decrease, the probability of having an event seems to increase at large distances because t ...
Operational Earthquake Forecasting
... appointed an International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (ICEF) to report on the current state of knowledge of short-term prediction and forecasting of tectonic earthquakes and indicate guidelines for utilization of possible forerunners of large earthquakes to drive civil ...
... appointed an International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (ICEF) to report on the current state of knowledge of short-term prediction and forecasting of tectonic earthquakes and indicate guidelines for utilization of possible forerunners of large earthquakes to drive civil ...
chapter 5 intervention strategies
... Utilizing the investigation data which has been documented and the criteria for repair and strengthening, the designer must typically evaluate the damage, perform analysis to determine why the damage occurred, and develop alternative schemes to repair and/or strengthen the structure. These alternati ...
... Utilizing the investigation data which has been documented and the criteria for repair and strengthening, the designer must typically evaluate the damage, perform analysis to determine why the damage occurred, and develop alternative schemes to repair and/or strengthen the structure. These alternati ...
Relocating a Cluster of Earthquakes Using a Single
... Consequently, the likelihoods are weekly dependent, in that some likelihood-pairs share common events, an occurrence that becomes relatively less frequent as the number of events being located increases. For the purpose of this work we ignore this weak dependence and assume independence: ...
... Consequently, the likelihoods are weekly dependent, in that some likelihood-pairs share common events, an occurrence that becomes relatively less frequent as the number of events being located increases. For the purpose of this work we ignore this weak dependence and assume independence: ...
seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete - IITK
... and social relevance. Most of the Italian building stock is vulnerable to seismic action even if located in areas that have long been considered of high seismic hazard. During the past thirty years moderate to severe earthquakes have occurred in Italy at intervals of 5 to 10 years. Such events have ...
... and social relevance. Most of the Italian building stock is vulnerable to seismic action even if located in areas that have long been considered of high seismic hazard. During the past thirty years moderate to severe earthquakes have occurred in Italy at intervals of 5 to 10 years. Such events have ...
Historical tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone off
... volcanoes are present all along the MSZ. Snead (1966) reported that active mud volcanoes have developed along several of the weak anticlinal axes. He also reported that Makran’s mud volcanoes may well be the largest ones in the world. Wiedicke et al. (2001) studied conical mounds at the foot of the ...
... volcanoes are present all along the MSZ. Snead (1966) reported that active mud volcanoes have developed along several of the weak anticlinal axes. He also reported that Makran’s mud volcanoes may well be the largest ones in the world. Wiedicke et al. (2001) studied conical mounds at the foot of the ...
The North America±Caribbean plate boundary west of the Motagua
... Motagua and Polochic fault zones (Fig. 1). Different authors have used different data sets trying to determine the pole of rotation between the plates. MacDonald (1976) ®tted small circles to the Oriente and Swan Island faults; Sykes et al. (1982) and Deng and Sykes (1995) used earthquake slip vecto ...
... Motagua and Polochic fault zones (Fig. 1). Different authors have used different data sets trying to determine the pole of rotation between the plates. MacDonald (1976) ®tted small circles to the Oriente and Swan Island faults; Sykes et al. (1982) and Deng and Sykes (1995) used earthquake slip vecto ...
Onshore-offshore seismic transect from the eastern Nankai Trough to central
... The Nankai Trough is an active subduction zone where the Philippine Sea Plate subducts beneath the Japanese island arc. The convergence rate at the Nankai Trough is estimated to be 43–46 mm/yr from earthquake mechanism studies with geological constraints (Seno et al., 1993). Recent continuous Global ...
... The Nankai Trough is an active subduction zone where the Philippine Sea Plate subducts beneath the Japanese island arc. The convergence rate at the Nankai Trough is estimated to be 43–46 mm/yr from earthquake mechanism studies with geological constraints (Seno et al., 1993). Recent continuous Global ...
natural disasters: earthquakes
... Interpret a range of sources of geographical information, including maps, diagrams, globes, aerial photographs and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Human and Physical Geography Understand, through the use of detailed place-based exemplars at a variety of scales, the key processes in physical g ...
... Interpret a range of sources of geographical information, including maps, diagrams, globes, aerial photographs and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Human and Physical Geography Understand, through the use of detailed place-based exemplars at a variety of scales, the key processes in physical g ...
Chapter 5: EARTHQUAKE RISK
... Risk assessment and its associated management is a most effective approach to addressing the impact of natural hazards on a region. It combines the hazard level with the vulnerability of the local infrastructure to give a picture of the aggregated financial consequences of a region’s hazard and how ...
... Risk assessment and its associated management is a most effective approach to addressing the impact of natural hazards on a region. It combines the hazard level with the vulnerability of the local infrastructure to give a picture of the aggregated financial consequences of a region’s hazard and how ...
A survey of methods and techniques used for Seismic retrofitting of
... human lives and destruction of properties, which ultimately affects the natural economy. The occurrence of an earthquake cannot be predicted and prevented but the preparedness of the structures to resist earthquake forces become more important. Keeping the view of constant revision of the seismic zo ...
... human lives and destruction of properties, which ultimately affects the natural economy. The occurrence of an earthquake cannot be predicted and prevented but the preparedness of the structures to resist earthquake forces become more important. Keeping the view of constant revision of the seismic zo ...
Intricacies of the Himalayan seismotectonics and seismogenesis
... fault between the subducting slab and the sedimentary wedge22, while the portion between the interacting slabs is named as the Basement Thrust (BT). The line of separation between very shallow dipping ‘detachment’ from the steeper dipping BT is named as the Basement Thrust Front (BTF). The steady st ...
... fault between the subducting slab and the sedimentary wedge22, while the portion between the interacting slabs is named as the Basement Thrust (BT). The line of separation between very shallow dipping ‘detachment’ from the steeper dipping BT is named as the Basement Thrust Front (BTF). The steady st ...
6 Source Characterization
... estimate the magnitude of largest earthquakes that could occur on a source. For areal sources, the estimation of the maximum magnitude has traditionally been computed by considering the largest historical earthquake in the source zone and adding some additional value (e.g. half magnitude unit). For ...
... estimate the magnitude of largest earthquakes that could occur on a source. For areal sources, the estimation of the maximum magnitude has traditionally been computed by considering the largest historical earthquake in the source zone and adding some additional value (e.g. half magnitude unit). For ...
Tsunami *
... water and electrical systems which can lead to famine and disease. Within the last century, up until the December 2004 tsunami, there were 94 destructive tsunami which resulted in 51,000 deaths. Despite the fact that tsunami warning systems have been in place in the Pacific Ocean basin since 1950, d ...
... water and electrical systems which can lead to famine and disease. Within the last century, up until the December 2004 tsunami, there were 94 destructive tsunami which resulted in 51,000 deaths. Despite the fact that tsunami warning systems have been in place in the Pacific Ocean basin since 1950, d ...
Uncovering the relationship between subducting
... The locations of the subducting bathymetric feature intersections are widely distributed across subduction zones throughout the globe, and thus it is essential to ascertain the significance of the computed associations with earthquakes. A key aspect of the analysis is to ascertain whether the comput ...
... The locations of the subducting bathymetric feature intersections are widely distributed across subduction zones throughout the globe, and thus it is essential to ascertain the significance of the computed associations with earthquakes. A key aspect of the analysis is to ascertain whether the comput ...
Seismological structure of subduction zones and its implications for
... ements in plate tectonics. Subduction and arc magmatism are fundamental processes in the evolution of the Earth. They play critical roles in the present day differentiation of Earth’s material and are believed to be the major sites of generation of continental crust. Subduction is also significant i ...
... ements in plate tectonics. Subduction and arc magmatism are fundamental processes in the evolution of the Earth. They play critical roles in the present day differentiation of Earth’s material and are believed to be the major sites of generation of continental crust. Subduction is also significant i ...
Seismicity and present-day tectonics of the Svalbard region
... seismograms indicate the relatively high rate of occurrence of small earthquakes in this region, a situation which has allowed us to map seismicity patterns accurately even though recording periods may be of limited duration. Note also the relatively low noise levels even though the gain settings fo ...
... seismograms indicate the relatively high rate of occurrence of small earthquakes in this region, a situation which has allowed us to map seismicity patterns accurately even though recording periods may be of limited duration. Note also the relatively low noise levels even though the gain settings fo ...
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant
The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant (柏崎刈羽原子力発電所, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa genshiryoku-hatsudensho, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP) is a large, modern (housing the world's first ABWR) nuclear power plant on a 4.2-square-kilometer (1,038 acres) site including land in the towns of Kashiwazaki and Kariwa in Niigata Prefecture, Japan on the coast of the Sea of Japan, from where it gets cooling water. The plant is owned and operated by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).It was the largest nuclear generating station in the world by net electrical power rating.It was approximately 19 km (12 mi) from the epicenter of the second strongest earthquake to ever occur at a nuclear plant, the Mw 6.6 July 2007 Chūetsu offshore earthquake. This shook the plant beyond design basis and initiated an extended shutdown for inspection, which indicated that greater earthquake-proofing was needed before operation could be resumed. The plant was completely shut down for 21 months following the earthquake. Unit 7 was restarted after seismic upgrades on May 9, 2009, followed later by units 1, 5, and 6. (Units 2, 3, 4 were not restarted).After the April 2011 earthquake, all restarted units were shut down and safety improvements are being carried out. As of May 2015 no units are restarted and no units are expected to restart sooner than the end of 2015.