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All forces arise from the interactions between different objects
All forces arise from the interactions between different objects

... gravitational force, there exists a duality between strong and weak coupling. A coupling constant describes how strong an interaction is. A larger coupling constant means a stronger force; hence, the coupling constant is of the order of 10 -41 and it is derived from the masses of the proton and elec ...
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BernTalk

SIMULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
SIMULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC

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Weak-Field General Relativity Compared with
Weak-Field General Relativity Compared with

In order to integrate general relativity with quantum
In order to integrate general relativity with quantum

... representation and thus where the four states of |b0 , b1 , s,  can be abbreviated as |(b1),  =± ½These four (spinor) states support the definition of the  matrices which result from the requirement that both representation and conjugate representation be used in order for the state to be ...
What lies beyond? - University of Toronto Physics
What lies beyond? - University of Toronto Physics

Untitled - College of William and Mary
Untitled - College of William and Mary

... ties. Superconductors are grouped into two types: Type-I and Type-II. (The distinction between these two types is related to the ratio between the London penetration depth and the superconducting coherence length; this is discussed in more depth in Tinkham [1].) Type-I superconductors all have crit ...
Chapter I Electromagnetic field theory
Chapter I Electromagnetic field theory

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Quantum Field Theory

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Elements of a Physics Case for HE LHC

... C) Longitudinal W scattering unitarized for E>1 TeV by Higgs or some other non-perturbative dynamics (techni-r meson) ...
Electromagnetics and Differential Forms
Electromagnetics and Differential Forms

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Electromagnetic Fields

HillCTEQ2
HillCTEQ2

... • A group G is a collection of elements { rj } • G has a “multiplication” operation: rj x rk = rk where rk is in G • There is a unique identity in G, 1, such that 1 x rk = r k x 1 = r k • Each element rk has a unique inverse rk-1 such that rk-1 x rk = rk x rk-1 = 1 • Group multiplication is associat ...
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ECE The Second Paradigm Shift Chapter Two

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Why 3+1 = 11 for small values of 7

... around the time of General Relativity by Kaluza and Klein. The concept worked with 5-dimensions and showed that if you curl the fifth dimension into a circle about the other 4 then you would only have 4 observable dimensions, and a fifth which interacted with the others. The physical representation ...
General Relativity for Pedestrians-
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... O as a real valued function φ(xα ) of space-time coordinates. Observer O’, however, will find the same physical variable to be represented by a different function φ′ (x′α ). The function φ is said to be a scalar field if everywhere on the space-time manifold, φ′ (x′α ) = φ(xα ) given that xα and x′α ...
Progress In N=2 Field Theory - Rutgers Physics
Progress In N=2 Field Theory - Rutgers Physics

Asymptotic Symmetries and Electromagnetic
Asymptotic Symmetries and Electromagnetic

THE FIELD OF A STEP–LIKE ACCELERATED POINT CHARGE
THE FIELD OF A STEP–LIKE ACCELERATED POINT CHARGE

... pertaining expressions can be obtained also by direct application of the relativistic Lorentz transformation of the Coulomb potential of moving charge [4]. It is shown here that the respective results can by obtained by straightforward application of the formalism of symbolic functions (distribution ...
Tests of Alternative Theories of Gravity
Tests of Alternative Theories of Gravity

transparencies - Indico
transparencies - Indico

... illuminate connections among observable phenomena in new ways They are after all a possibility from perspective of general relativity Plus: Bonus: Even shed light on purely fourdimensional physics ...
The Complex Geometry of the Natural World
The Complex Geometry of the Natural World

Quantum gravitational contributions to quantum electrodynamics
Quantum gravitational contributions to quantum electrodynamics

Deriving the Fresnel Equations 5.2.2 Fresnel Equations
Deriving the Fresnel Equations 5.2.2 Fresnel Equations

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Kaluza–Klein theory

In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the usual four of space and time. It is considered to be an important precursor to string theory.The five-dimensional theory was developed in three steps. The original hypothesis came from Theodor Kaluza, who sent his results to Einstein in 1919, and published them in 1921. Kaluza's theory was a purely classical extension of general relativity to five dimensions. The 5-dimensional metric has 15 components. Ten components are identified with the 4-dimensional spacetime metric, 4 components with the electromagnetic vector potential, and one component with an unidentified scalar field sometimes called the ""radion"" or the ""dilaton"". Correspondingly, the 5-dimensional Einstein equations yield the 4-dimensional Einstein field equations, the Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field, and an equation for the scalar field. Kaluza also introduced the hypothesis known as the ""cylinder condition"", that no component of the 5-dimensional metric depends on the fifth dimension. Without this assumption, the field equations of 5-dimensional relativity are enormously more complex. Standard 4-dimensional physics seems to manifest the cylinder condition. Kaluza also set the scalar field equal to a constant, in which case standard general relativity and electrodynamics are recovered identically.In 1926, Oskar Klein gave Kaluza's classical 5-dimensional theory a quantum interpretation, to accord with the then-recent discoveries of Heisenberg and Schrödinger. Klein introduced the hypothesis that the fifth dimension was curled up and microscopic, to explain the cylinder condition. Klein also calculated a scale for the fifth dimension based on the quantum of charge.It wasn't until the 1940s that the classical theory was completed, and the full field equations including the scalar field were obtained by three independent research groups:Thiry, working in France on his dissertation under Lichnerowicz; Jordan, Ludwig, and Müller in Germany, with critical input from Pauli and Fierz; and Scherrer working alone in Switzerland. Jordan's work led to the scalar-tensor theory of Brans & Dicke; Brans and Dicke were apparently unaware of Thiry or Scherrer. The full Kaluza equations under the cylinder condition are quite complex, and most English-language reviews as well as the English translations of Thiry contain some errors. The complete Kaluza equations were recently evaluated using tensor algebra software.
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