Impacts of wood ants (Formica aquilonia Yarr.) on the invertebrate
... the observed correlations are due to other confounding factors, such as non-random selection of nest site and trail location by the ants (Rosengren 1971, Laine & Niemelä 1989). In this paper, we investigate whether wood ants are a keystone species (for definition see Bond 1994) in the boreal forest fl ...
... the observed correlations are due to other confounding factors, such as non-random selection of nest site and trail location by the ants (Rosengren 1971, Laine & Niemelä 1989). In this paper, we investigate whether wood ants are a keystone species (for definition see Bond 1994) in the boreal forest fl ...
PDF - Penn State Extension
... origin along an older branch. Thinning cuts do not induce vegetative growth near the pruning cut and are usually preferred for minimizing tree size and for removing excess shoots. Thinning cuts are also used in older trees as a method of fruiting shoot renewal. When a shoot that fruited the previous ...
... origin along an older branch. Thinning cuts do not induce vegetative growth near the pruning cut and are usually preferred for minimizing tree size and for removing excess shoots. Thinning cuts are also used in older trees as a method of fruiting shoot renewal. When a shoot that fruited the previous ...
bog laurel - Strathcona Park Lodge
... Alders have a symbiotic relationship with actinimycete bacteria, which takes nitrogen from the air and “fixes” it in a form useful for plants. In our region, nitrogen is usually the nutrient most limiting plant growth, alder stands can contribute up to 320kg/ha of nitrogen per year. Alder wood is al ...
... Alders have a symbiotic relationship with actinimycete bacteria, which takes nitrogen from the air and “fixes” it in a form useful for plants. In our region, nitrogen is usually the nutrient most limiting plant growth, alder stands can contribute up to 320kg/ha of nitrogen per year. Alder wood is al ...
plant evolution
... Dry due to "supercontinent" Continental interiors hot and dry Red beds abundant (draw down oxygen) Changes in ocean circulation lead to stagnation Cycads and Ginkgos appear Gymnosperms spread widely Lycopods and swamp forest confined to equatorial zone ...
... Dry due to "supercontinent" Continental interiors hot and dry Red beds abundant (draw down oxygen) Changes in ocean circulation lead to stagnation Cycads and Ginkgos appear Gymnosperms spread widely Lycopods and swamp forest confined to equatorial zone ...
English Yew - Woodgroup SA
... are many trees in England alone that are thought to be over 1000 years old. Some of these ancient species are reported to have a trunk of up to 4 metres, although they are so convoluted and hollow that little valuable wood is available. It is a beautiful tree with a dense and bright green crown. Yew ...
... are many trees in England alone that are thought to be over 1000 years old. Some of these ancient species are reported to have a trunk of up to 4 metres, although they are so convoluted and hollow that little valuable wood is available. It is a beautiful tree with a dense and bright green crown. Yew ...
The Post-Frame Advantage Handbook.
... Post-frame buildings are engineered wood-frame buildings. They feature large, solidsawn posts or laminated columns. Post-frame may utilize a variety of foundation options, including concrete slab or masonry wall, pre-cast concrete piers, poured-in-place piers, treated wood and other wood foundation ...
... Post-frame buildings are engineered wood-frame buildings. They feature large, solidsawn posts or laminated columns. Post-frame may utilize a variety of foundation options, including concrete slab or masonry wall, pre-cast concrete piers, poured-in-place piers, treated wood and other wood foundation ...
Anatomy - Helping Material for Botany
... woody plant at least 13 feet (4 m) tall with a single trunk at least 3 inches (7.62 cm) in diameter at breast height (4.5 ft; 150 cm) (Petrides, 1993, p. 4). This definition fits well with many people’s concept of a tree being a large, columnar, woody, long-lived organism. However, many trees are no ...
... woody plant at least 13 feet (4 m) tall with a single trunk at least 3 inches (7.62 cm) in diameter at breast height (4.5 ft; 150 cm) (Petrides, 1993, p. 4). This definition fits well with many people’s concept of a tree being a large, columnar, woody, long-lived organism. However, many trees are no ...
bio-lesson-14 - WordPress.com
... is usually in abundant supply. • Summerwood: smaller, thicker-walled xylem cells produced during the summer when water availability is more limited. ...
... is usually in abundant supply. • Summerwood: smaller, thicker-walled xylem cells produced during the summer when water availability is more limited. ...
Fibre wall and lumen fractions drive wood density
... that wood density is an emergent property influenced by a complex anatomy rather than an unambiguous functional trait, particularly in medium-density species. With much anatomical variation, they likely represent a wide range of ecological strategies. Keywords: ...
... that wood density is an emergent property influenced by a complex anatomy rather than an unambiguous functional trait, particularly in medium-density species. With much anatomical variation, they likely represent a wide range of ecological strategies. Keywords: ...
radford woods education pack
... North America and get very wide and tall. Fully grown they are about as tall as a 26-story building, and they are so wide you could drive a van through one! Trees in Britain don’t get quite this big, but some old oaks get pretty large. Some of them become hollow inside as they get older and you coul ...
... North America and get very wide and tall. Fully grown they are about as tall as a 26-story building, and they are so wide you could drive a van through one! Trees in Britain don’t get quite this big, but some old oaks get pretty large. Some of them become hollow inside as they get older and you coul ...
ch6
... Pith cells may breakdown shortly after being formed leaving a hollow center. The cortex may become extensive in herbaceous plants, but in woody dicots it eventually disappears and is replaced by secondary growth. Pith and cortex usually function as storage tissue. Five primary tissues are produced i ...
... Pith cells may breakdown shortly after being formed leaving a hollow center. The cortex may become extensive in herbaceous plants, but in woody dicots it eventually disappears and is replaced by secondary growth. Pith and cortex usually function as storage tissue. Five primary tissues are produced i ...
Design of Wood Frame Structures for Permanence
... from infestations of living organisms, which can influence the long-term durability of buildings, as can structural loads and fire exposures. Design of durable structures begins with an understanding of moisture loading and how it interacts with building materials. The designer must be concerned wit ...
... from infestations of living organisms, which can influence the long-term durability of buildings, as can structural loads and fire exposures. Design of durable structures begins with an understanding of moisture loading and how it interacts with building materials. The designer must be concerned wit ...
The tree behind the forest: ecological and economic importance of
... of coffee production in India. One major trait of this change is that Coffea robusta does not require the same amount of shade as Coffea arabica (25% as opposed to 50%), and some new varieties even require no shade at all. As a consequence, and in addition to the fact that the forest area of Coorg h ...
... of coffee production in India. One major trait of this change is that Coffea robusta does not require the same amount of shade as Coffea arabica (25% as opposed to 50%), and some new varieties even require no shade at all. As a consequence, and in addition to the fact that the forest area of Coorg h ...
Heartwood bluebells
... year after year. Fill in your details and give to a Woodland Trust helper on the 12 or 24 of April and receive a limited edition car sticker and bluebell mug to show your support. ...
... year after year. Fill in your details and give to a Woodland Trust helper on the 12 or 24 of April and receive a limited edition car sticker and bluebell mug to show your support. ...
Acer saccharinum
... Bark: The young trees have thin, smooth, and silvery gray bark. This bark may have a brownish tinge and a few vertical cracks. The mature trees have fissured; shaggy; and gray, gray-brown, or dark red brown bark. This bark has more vertical cracks with an orange tinge and has long vertical, plate-li ...
... Bark: The young trees have thin, smooth, and silvery gray bark. This bark may have a brownish tinge and a few vertical cracks. The mature trees have fissured; shaggy; and gray, gray-brown, or dark red brown bark. This bark has more vertical cracks with an orange tinge and has long vertical, plate-li ...
Section 4 Betulaceae
... The familiar "nut-tree" seldom exceeds a large bush. It is ubiquitous in hedgerows and wood-edges on all soils, and may also occur within woods and as part of scrub on chalk. It was usually coppiced in the past, either to form a dense boundary or as a source of hazel poles, regularly re-cut on a cyc ...
... The familiar "nut-tree" seldom exceeds a large bush. It is ubiquitous in hedgerows and wood-edges on all soils, and may also occur within woods and as part of scrub on chalk. It was usually coppiced in the past, either to form a dense boundary or as a source of hazel poles, regularly re-cut on a cyc ...
CMN Microhabitat Fact Sheet - Far South Coast Conservation
... what ever may be living underneath might react to disturbance as a threat. Wear protective clothing such as leather gloves, strong boots and long pants. When moving a structure take note of its position so you can replace it with minimal disturbance. ...
... what ever may be living underneath might react to disturbance as a threat. Wear protective clothing such as leather gloves, strong boots and long pants. When moving a structure take note of its position so you can replace it with minimal disturbance. ...
white ash
... eastern Asia via the Great Lakes. The Emerald Ash Borer is a bright, metallic green Beetle (Order Coleoptera, Family Buprestidae, Subfamily Agrilinae, and Tribe Agrilini)). These Beetles lay about 70-300 eggs within the tree bark crevices and layers. These eggs hatch in 1-2 weeks. The creamy white l ...
... eastern Asia via the Great Lakes. The Emerald Ash Borer is a bright, metallic green Beetle (Order Coleoptera, Family Buprestidae, Subfamily Agrilinae, and Tribe Agrilini)). These Beetles lay about 70-300 eggs within the tree bark crevices and layers. These eggs hatch in 1-2 weeks. The creamy white l ...
Hydrangeas
... and has lobed leaves that resemble those of an oak tree. These turn a rich burgundy in the fall before they drop. The long panicles of flowers bloom white during the summer. This handsome, all-season plant grows in full sun to partial shade in moist well-drained soil. ...
... and has lobed leaves that resemble those of an oak tree. These turn a rich burgundy in the fall before they drop. The long panicles of flowers bloom white during the summer. This handsome, all-season plant grows in full sun to partial shade in moist well-drained soil. ...
Chapter 4. What We Know About Large Trees in Estuaries, in the
... most of its length. In summer, difference between surface and bottom water at any point is much less than in winter. Pacific Northwest estuaries typically have a large proportion of tidelands-to-subtidal area that results in a high exchange ratio (Johnson and Gonor 1982). This is the ratio of the ti ...
... most of its length. In summer, difference between surface and bottom water at any point is much less than in winter. Pacific Northwest estuaries typically have a large proportion of tidelands-to-subtidal area that results in a high exchange ratio (Johnson and Gonor 1982). This is the ratio of the ti ...
The Shell-Bark Hickory
... patchy, pealing plate type bark. Some trees don’t show this characteristic until well into their age. This characteristic is more common to their cousin the Shagbark Hickory. The Shell-bark bark Hickories' stems also have distinct characteristics, in that they are covered with small orange colored l ...
... patchy, pealing plate type bark. Some trees don’t show this characteristic until well into their age. This characteristic is more common to their cousin the Shagbark Hickory. The Shell-bark bark Hickories' stems also have distinct characteristics, in that they are covered with small orange colored l ...
COUCHVILLE LAKE ARBORETUM at Long Hunter State Park Self
... and beautifully shaped. When planted along city streets, the over-arching branches created a cathedral-like effect. Unfortunately, this species was devastated by Dutch Elm disease, a fungus which entered from Europe in the 1930's and is spread by way of elm beetles. Before the disease, some elms liv ...
... and beautifully shaped. When planted along city streets, the over-arching branches created a cathedral-like effect. Unfortunately, this species was devastated by Dutch Elm disease, a fungus which entered from Europe in the 1930's and is spread by way of elm beetles. Before the disease, some elms liv ...
Wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants.It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber.The Earth contains about 434 billion cubic meters of growing stock forest, 47% of which is commercial. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991, approximately 3.5 cubic kilometers of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction.