Chapter 4
... • Enzymes are proteins that act as chemical catalysts (reduce activation energy needed for a reaction) and regulate cell ...
... • Enzymes are proteins that act as chemical catalysts (reduce activation energy needed for a reaction) and regulate cell ...
Delamination of neural crest cells requires transient
... the indicated DNAs. Lrp6DN inhibits and β-catenin-CA activates the TOP-Flash reporter (mean±s.e.m., n=6-10 embryos/condition; ***P<0.001, one-way ANOVA). (C) Scheme showing the location of the transfected cells in chick embryos electroporated at HH10 (reporter GFP expression). (D-F) Selected images ...
... the indicated DNAs. Lrp6DN inhibits and β-catenin-CA activates the TOP-Flash reporter (mean±s.e.m., n=6-10 embryos/condition; ***P<0.001, one-way ANOVA). (C) Scheme showing the location of the transfected cells in chick embryos electroporated at HH10 (reporter GFP expression). (D-F) Selected images ...
Cell Type–Specific Chromatin Decondensation of a
... groups of major histocompatibility complex and other genes in mammalian cells (Volpi et al., 2000; Müller et al., 2004). We then examined the length of the region encompassing Sad1 and Sad2 in the nuclei of the epidermal, subepidermal, and cortical cells. To do this, we measured a path consisting o ...
... groups of major histocompatibility complex and other genes in mammalian cells (Volpi et al., 2000; Müller et al., 2004). We then examined the length of the region encompassing Sad1 and Sad2 in the nuclei of the epidermal, subepidermal, and cortical cells. To do this, we measured a path consisting o ...
Cofactor requirement of ribosome-inactivating
... linked to a B-chain able to bind to cell surface receptors on target cells. Type 1 RIPs are widely distributed in higher plants and many plants produce several RIPs, similar but not identical to each other (possibly isoenzymes), either present within the same organ or in different organs (reviewed i ...
... linked to a B-chain able to bind to cell surface receptors on target cells. Type 1 RIPs are widely distributed in higher plants and many plants produce several RIPs, similar but not identical to each other (possibly isoenzymes), either present within the same organ or in different organs (reviewed i ...
Somatosensory Substrates of Flight Control in Bats
... hair follicles and were distributed across the wing in a pattern similar to that of punctate hair receptors (Figures 2K and 2M). Although Merkel cells associate with only 2% of rodent hair follicles (Li et al., 2011), almost half (47%) of all wing hairs were juxtaposed to Merkel cells. Thus, many w ...
... hair follicles and were distributed across the wing in a pattern similar to that of punctate hair receptors (Figures 2K and 2M). Although Merkel cells associate with only 2% of rodent hair follicles (Li et al., 2011), almost half (47%) of all wing hairs were juxtaposed to Merkel cells. Thus, many w ...
Energy Transformation — Cellular Respiration
... below) with the help of its group leaders and distribute them to his/her group mates. The handouts contain information about cellular respiration. Other helpful tools such as biology textbook and Internet can be used to facilitate their learning of the topic. 3. All the members in each group will be ...
... below) with the help of its group leaders and distribute them to his/her group mates. The handouts contain information about cellular respiration. Other helpful tools such as biology textbook and Internet can be used to facilitate their learning of the topic. 3. All the members in each group will be ...
Posttranslational Protein Modiications in Plant
... Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity, increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell. PTMs play key roles in plants through their impact on signaling, gene expression, protein stability and interactions, ...
... Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity, increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell. PTMs play key roles in plants through their impact on signaling, gene expression, protein stability and interactions, ...
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROLE OF PSEUDOMONAS
... Figure 2.4 PMT deamidates and activates heterotrimeric Gα proteins. ............................... 75 Figure 2.5 Model of Cif inactivation of CRL activity and ubiquitination................................. 76 Figure 2.6 Crystal structures of cell cycle-inhibiting factors. ......................... ...
... Figure 2.4 PMT deamidates and activates heterotrimeric Gα proteins. ............................... 75 Figure 2.5 Model of Cif inactivation of CRL activity and ubiquitination................................. 76 Figure 2.6 Crystal structures of cell cycle-inhibiting factors. ......................... ...
30 Hearing - Semantic Scholar
... into electrical signals and forwards them to the brain. The cochlea, however, is not simply a passive detector. Our ability to recognize small differences in sounds stems from the auditory system's capacity to distinguish among frequency components and to inform us of both the tones present and thei ...
... into electrical signals and forwards them to the brain. The cochlea, however, is not simply a passive detector. Our ability to recognize small differences in sounds stems from the auditory system's capacity to distinguish among frequency components and to inform us of both the tones present and thei ...
Posttranslational Protein Modiications in Plant
... Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity, increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell. PTMs play key roles in plants through their impact on signaling, gene expression, protein stability and interactions, ...
... Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity, increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell. PTMs play key roles in plants through their impact on signaling, gene expression, protein stability and interactions, ...
autonomic nervous system
... or hormone. • An antagonist is a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect. • Drugs can serve as agonists or antagonists to selectively activate or block ANS receptors. ...
... or hormone. • An antagonist is a substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect. • Drugs can serve as agonists or antagonists to selectively activate or block ANS receptors. ...
Translation without eIF2 Promoted by Poliovirus 2A Protease
... proteins are being synthesized. To test this possibility, eIF2 was inactivated by treating culture cells with Ars to induce phosphorylation of eIF2a. This compound induces oxidative stressand has been widely used to inactivate eIF2 [35,36,37]. A PV replicon (pRLuc31) containing the luciferase (luc) ...
... proteins are being synthesized. To test this possibility, eIF2 was inactivated by treating culture cells with Ars to induce phosphorylation of eIF2a. This compound induces oxidative stressand has been widely used to inactivate eIF2 [35,36,37]. A PV replicon (pRLuc31) containing the luciferase (luc) ...
Harmonin Mutations Cause Mechanotransduction Defects in
... 5These authors have contributed equally to the work *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.006 ...
... 5These authors have contributed equally to the work *Correspondence: [email protected] DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.006 ...
NIH Public Access - McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research
... the AHR leads to hepatocellular damage, thymic involution, cancer, and immunosuppression (Schmidt et al. 1993). The AHR also has a role in normal organ development, as the AHR null mouse (AHR−/−) has phenotypic abnormalities in hepatic vascular development (Schmidt et al. 1996). There are many known ...
... the AHR leads to hepatocellular damage, thymic involution, cancer, and immunosuppression (Schmidt et al. 1993). The AHR also has a role in normal organ development, as the AHR null mouse (AHR−/−) has phenotypic abnormalities in hepatic vascular development (Schmidt et al. 1996). There are many known ...
Inhibition of Protein Kinases by Balanol: Specificity within the Serine
... hormonally regulated protein kinases in intact cells, it is important to know whether balanol interacts with nucleotide triphosphate-binding sites involved in the production of regulatory second messenger (e.g., the GTP recognition site on heterotrimeric G proteins and the ATP-binding site on adenyl ...
... hormonally regulated protein kinases in intact cells, it is important to know whether balanol interacts with nucleotide triphosphate-binding sites involved in the production of regulatory second messenger (e.g., the GTP recognition site on heterotrimeric G proteins and the ATP-binding site on adenyl ...
Positive Regulation of IκB Kinase Signaling by Protein
... efficiently integrated into endogenous IKK complexes containing the IKKα and IKKβ catalytic subunits. ...
... efficiently integrated into endogenous IKK complexes containing the IKKα and IKKβ catalytic subunits. ...
Neural crest cells and patterning of the mammalian dentition
... the identification of mammalian CNCC migratory pathways, they have not provided a comprehensive cell lineage analysis of these cells as they become terminally differentiated to a specific cell type. More recently, a genetic marker has been utilised to follow CNCC migration and differentiation in the ...
... the identification of mammalian CNCC migratory pathways, they have not provided a comprehensive cell lineage analysis of these cells as they become terminally differentiated to a specific cell type. More recently, a genetic marker has been utilised to follow CNCC migration and differentiation in the ...
Biological systems of the host cell involved in Agrobacterium infection
... Roles of host systems in Agrobacterium infection 13 port of the Agrobacterium T-complexes, through interaction with another host protein, VIP1, which mediates the recognition of VirE2 by the nuclear import machinery of the plant cell (see below). In this scenario, DLC3, a motorlike protein which as ...
... Roles of host systems in Agrobacterium infection 13 port of the Agrobacterium T-complexes, through interaction with another host protein, VIP1, which mediates the recognition of VirE2 by the nuclear import machinery of the plant cell (see below). In this scenario, DLC3, a motorlike protein which as ...
4-3. Cell wall structure of E. coli and B. subtilis
... murein (cell wall) structures are extremely different because the major cell wall constituents, anionic polymers, are not attached to peptidoglycans of E. coli but are attached to those of B. subtilis. Thickness of the cell walls in B. subtilis and the presence of an outer membrane in E. coli are ot ...
... murein (cell wall) structures are extremely different because the major cell wall constituents, anionic polymers, are not attached to peptidoglycans of E. coli but are attached to those of B. subtilis. Thickness of the cell walls in B. subtilis and the presence of an outer membrane in E. coli are ot ...
unit 1: introduction to biology
... located in the mitochondrial membrane, they form an efficient cellular ‘ATPmanufactoring belt’ 2. by substrate level phosphorylation - a phosphate group is transferred from an organic substrate molecule (= phosphate donor) to ADP to recover ATP - important phosphate donor molecules within cells, e.g ...
... located in the mitochondrial membrane, they form an efficient cellular ‘ATPmanufactoring belt’ 2. by substrate level phosphorylation - a phosphate group is transferred from an organic substrate molecule (= phosphate donor) to ADP to recover ATP - important phosphate donor molecules within cells, e.g ...
Calcium-Independent Afterdepolarization Regulated by Serotonin in
... How can a hyperpolarization induce this ADP? Luthi and McCormick (1999) have proposed a key role for cAMP in the generation of the ADP. In the geniculate, calcium entering during the rebound calcium spike indirectly facilitates Ih by activating adenylate cyclase. Because cAMP shifts the voltage depe ...
... How can a hyperpolarization induce this ADP? Luthi and McCormick (1999) have proposed a key role for cAMP in the generation of the ADP. In the geniculate, calcium entering during the rebound calcium spike indirectly facilitates Ih by activating adenylate cyclase. Because cAMP shifts the voltage depe ...
... The epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract is constantly exposed to airborne environmental antigens, with a contact area that in humans is above 50 square metres. The T-lymphocytes homing at this site, usually obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), have been characterized in normal ind ...
A biofilm-forming marine bacterium producing proteins
... Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 fermentation lead to the production of 3 EPS fractions: two soluble fractions separated according to their molecular weight and another cell bound fraction, non soluble in a salt solution (36g/l). None of them is pure. EPS1 consists mainly in a majority of carbohydrates wh ...
... Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 fermentation lead to the production of 3 EPS fractions: two soluble fractions separated according to their molecular weight and another cell bound fraction, non soluble in a salt solution (36g/l). None of them is pure. EPS1 consists mainly in a majority of carbohydrates wh ...
Increased Functional Half-life of Fibroblast Growth Factor
... developmental and metabolic processes. The 22 members of the human FGF family have a conserved ~120 amino acid core, however, they exhibit significant difference in size (17-25kDa) and sequence (13-71% sequence similarity) (Itoh and Ornitz 2004, 2008). Despite of the variations, three positions are ...
... developmental and metabolic processes. The 22 members of the human FGF family have a conserved ~120 amino acid core, however, they exhibit significant difference in size (17-25kDa) and sequence (13-71% sequence similarity) (Itoh and Ornitz 2004, 2008). Despite of the variations, three positions are ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.