The Netrins Define a Family of Axon Outgrowth
... However, the factor(s) that mediate the outgrowth and orienting activities of the floor plate are unknown. Moreover, it is not known whether the two activities of floor plate cells are mediated by a single factor or by distinct outgrowthpromoting and chemotropic molecules. In fact, it is unclear whe ...
... However, the factor(s) that mediate the outgrowth and orienting activities of the floor plate are unknown. Moreover, it is not known whether the two activities of floor plate cells are mediated by a single factor or by distinct outgrowthpromoting and chemotropic molecules. In fact, it is unclear whe ...
... expression and covalent modifications of proteins. Research findings that have been generated by using molecular techniques have guided us into new territory, going way beyond classical nutrition studies such as characterization of clinical signs of nutrient deficiencies. Those nutritionists who inv ...
role of the proteolytic enzymes in the living organisms - IJIIT
... This is subdivided into exopeptidases cleaving one or a few amino acids from the N- or C-terminus, and endopeptidases cleaving internal peptide bonds of polypeptides. The classification of exopeptidases is based on their actions on substrates while the endopeptidases are divided by their active site ...
... This is subdivided into exopeptidases cleaving one or a few amino acids from the N- or C-terminus, and endopeptidases cleaving internal peptide bonds of polypeptides. The classification of exopeptidases is based on their actions on substrates while the endopeptidases are divided by their active site ...
Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Plasma Membranes from
... Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen causing both mild and severe infections, the latter under conditions in which the patient's immuno-response system has been impaired (e.g. following the administration of immuno-suppressant drugs after organtransplant surgery). It is also a dimorphic fun ...
... Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen causing both mild and severe infections, the latter under conditions in which the patient's immuno-response system has been impaired (e.g. following the administration of immuno-suppressant drugs after organtransplant surgery). It is also a dimorphic fun ...
Eukaryote-Like Serine/Threonine Kinases and Phosphatases in
... respond and adapt to a constantly changing environment. Underlying this adaptive potential is the ability of cells to sense and transduce external and internal signals. Protein kinases, together with their cognate phosphatases, play a central role in signal transduction by catalyzing reversible prot ...
... respond and adapt to a constantly changing environment. Underlying this adaptive potential is the ability of cells to sense and transduce external and internal signals. Protein kinases, together with their cognate phosphatases, play a central role in signal transduction by catalyzing reversible prot ...
αII-Spectrin interacts with Tes and EVL, two actin
... interactions, defining the multiple physiological functions of spectrins. Functions of the spectrin-based skeleton are well-defined in red blood cells where it is required for shape maintenance, for resistance to shear stress and for deformability. However, the functions of the more complex spectrin ...
... interactions, defining the multiple physiological functions of spectrins. Functions of the spectrin-based skeleton are well-defined in red blood cells where it is required for shape maintenance, for resistance to shear stress and for deformability. However, the functions of the more complex spectrin ...
Salinity Response in Chloroplasts: Insights from Gene
... Chloroplasts are unique organelles due to their highly oxidizing metabolic activity and increased rate of electron flow, being especially prone to generating ROS, such as superoxide anion (O2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), singlet oxygen (1 O2 ), and hydroxyl radical (OH•). The presence of ROS pro ...
... Chloroplasts are unique organelles due to their highly oxidizing metabolic activity and increased rate of electron flow, being especially prone to generating ROS, such as superoxide anion (O2 − ), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), singlet oxygen (1 O2 ), and hydroxyl radical (OH•). The presence of ROS pro ...
The Function of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
... growth. VEGF is essential for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas VEGF-C is required for lymphatic development. The functions of VEGF-B, one of the younger members of the VEGF family, have however remained largely enigmatic. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the role of VEGF-B in ...
... growth. VEGF is essential for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, whereas VEGF-C is required for lymphatic development. The functions of VEGF-B, one of the younger members of the VEGF family, have however remained largely enigmatic. This study was undertaken in order to elucidate the role of VEGF-B in ...
Mutational Analysis of Synaptobrevin Transmembrane Domain
... The vast majority of information about SNAREs arises from studies of the soluble cytoplasmic domains, but it is now becoming clear that the transmembrane domains affect both the structure and the function of SNAREs. Synaptobrevin forms a complex with synaptophysin that is dependent on the presence o ...
... The vast majority of information about SNAREs arises from studies of the soluble cytoplasmic domains, but it is now becoming clear that the transmembrane domains affect both the structure and the function of SNAREs. Synaptobrevin forms a complex with synaptophysin that is dependent on the presence o ...
Possible Involvement of Phosphoinositide-Ca
... Ca 2+ uptake (Mitsui et al. 1999a, b). In mammalian cells, inositol phospholipid turnover has been established as an important step in signal transduction across the plasma membrane via second messengers. Breakdown of phosphatidylinositols in response to external stimuli is catalyzed by inositol pho ...
... Ca 2+ uptake (Mitsui et al. 1999a, b). In mammalian cells, inositol phospholipid turnover has been established as an important step in signal transduction across the plasma membrane via second messengers. Breakdown of phosphatidylinositols in response to external stimuli is catalyzed by inositol pho ...
PDF + SI - Development - The Company of Biologists
... common feature involved in sensitizing or conditioning plant cells for dPCD during cell elimination. For example the death in the lateral root cap (lrc) cells is preceded by cell extension driven by the expansion of underlying tissues (Fendrych et al., 2014). Sensitivity to this extension is conditi ...
... common feature involved in sensitizing or conditioning plant cells for dPCD during cell elimination. For example the death in the lateral root cap (lrc) cells is preceded by cell extension driven by the expansion of underlying tissues (Fendrych et al., 2014). Sensitivity to this extension is conditi ...
In Vitro Reconstitution of SCF Substrate Ubiquitination with Purified
... model system for understanding the mechanisms of protein ubiquitination and degradation. In vitro reconstitution of this process has been used successfully to study how SCF recognizes phosphorylated substrates (Nash et al., 2001; Orlicky et al., 2003; Verma et al., 1997a), the mechanisms of ubiquiti ...
... model system for understanding the mechanisms of protein ubiquitination and degradation. In vitro reconstitution of this process has been used successfully to study how SCF recognizes phosphorylated substrates (Nash et al., 2001; Orlicky et al., 2003; Verma et al., 1997a), the mechanisms of ubiquiti ...
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral
... activate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesising enzyme adenylate cyclase, whereas the D2-like receptors are coupled to Gi/Go-proteins and decrease the activity of the enzyme (Bratcher et al., 2005; Callier et al., 2003). 2.1.1. Diversity of DA populations DA was first discovered by C ...
... activate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) synthesising enzyme adenylate cyclase, whereas the D2-like receptors are coupled to Gi/Go-proteins and decrease the activity of the enzyme (Bratcher et al., 2005; Callier et al., 2003). 2.1.1. Diversity of DA populations DA was first discovered by C ...
Physical interaction between pRb and cdk9/cyclinT2 complex
... several target phosphoresidues, but cdk9 kinase activity involves only serine residues (De Luca et al., 1997). During preliminary studies of cdk9/cyclin T complexes, we performed immunoprecipitations (Ips) with anity puri®ed anti-cdk9 antibody from nuclear extracts of S35-labeled NIH3T3 cells. By c ...
... several target phosphoresidues, but cdk9 kinase activity involves only serine residues (De Luca et al., 1997). During preliminary studies of cdk9/cyclin T complexes, we performed immunoprecipitations (Ips) with anity puri®ed anti-cdk9 antibody from nuclear extracts of S35-labeled NIH3T3 cells. By c ...
Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for
... thymocyte selection is thought to be driven largely by TCR affinity for antigen presented by self MHC molecules. Low affinity (weak or absent TCR signal) results in death; intermediate affinity (moderate signal) results in positive selection and survival; and high affinity (strong signal) results in ...
... thymocyte selection is thought to be driven largely by TCR affinity for antigen presented by self MHC molecules. Low affinity (weak or absent TCR signal) results in death; intermediate affinity (moderate signal) results in positive selection and survival; and high affinity (strong signal) results in ...
Microtubules Regulate Dynamic Organization of Vacuoles in
... (Kammerer and Cove 1996, Schaefer and Zrÿd 1997, Schaefer 2001) to insert marker genes into the genome for visualization of intracellular structures. Finally, by using this moss, one of the model land plants most distantly related to flowering plants, we can study the divergence and evolution of endo ...
... (Kammerer and Cove 1996, Schaefer and Zrÿd 1997, Schaefer 2001) to insert marker genes into the genome for visualization of intracellular structures. Finally, by using this moss, one of the model land plants most distantly related to flowering plants, we can study the divergence and evolution of endo ...
Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for
... thymocyte selection is thought to be driven largely by TCR affinity for antigen presented by self MHC molecules. Low affinity (weak or absent TCR signal) results in death; intermediate affinity (moderate signal) results in positive selection and survival; and high affinity (strong signal) results in ...
... thymocyte selection is thought to be driven largely by TCR affinity for antigen presented by self MHC molecules. Low affinity (weak or absent TCR signal) results in death; intermediate affinity (moderate signal) results in positive selection and survival; and high affinity (strong signal) results in ...
Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?
... Synthesis of dNTPs. Maintaining the correct cellular concentrations of the deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) that are needed to make DNA is critical as an imbalance can be highly mutagenic [14,22–24]. Control over cellular dNTP concentrations is exerted at the level of the broad-spectrum enzyme ribonucle ...
... Synthesis of dNTPs. Maintaining the correct cellular concentrations of the deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) that are needed to make DNA is critical as an imbalance can be highly mutagenic [14,22–24]. Control over cellular dNTP concentrations is exerted at the level of the broad-spectrum enzyme ribonucle ...
resting membrane potential
... • The inactivated sodium channels remain closed until the membrane potential is negative again • The cell repolarizes as K+ leaves the cell ...
... • The inactivated sodium channels remain closed until the membrane potential is negative again • The cell repolarizes as K+ leaves the cell ...
A Cell is Like A (100 points) You will compare an animal or plant
... ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, vacuole. o Plant Cell Projects MUST include the following 12 organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, ...
... ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, vacuole. o Plant Cell Projects MUST include the following 12 organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, cell membrane, chromosomes, lysosome, ...
Cognitive spatial-motor processes
... the direction of the upcoming movement in 2-D space. We found first, that changes in cell activity were indeed oserved during the delay period; this was a prerequisite for further analysis. Second, these changes in cell activity during the delay period were frequently but not always congruent with t ...
... the direction of the upcoming movement in 2-D space. We found first, that changes in cell activity were indeed oserved during the delay period; this was a prerequisite for further analysis. Second, these changes in cell activity during the delay period were frequently but not always congruent with t ...
Dendritic ion channel trafficking and plasticity
... are four subtypes of HCN genes (HCN1–4) [49], and HCN1 and HCN2 channels are predominantly present in dendrites [47,48]. These channels have very unusual biophysical properties in that they are permeable to both Na+ and K+ and are activated at potentials hyperpolarized to -50 mV. Hence, they are act ...
... are four subtypes of HCN genes (HCN1–4) [49], and HCN1 and HCN2 channels are predominantly present in dendrites [47,48]. These channels have very unusual biophysical properties in that they are permeable to both Na+ and K+ and are activated at potentials hyperpolarized to -50 mV. Hence, they are act ...
Aberrant mRNA Transcripts and the Nonsense
... and to genes that were not represented in any of the libraries (effectively randomly selected). Following an RT reaction with oligo(dT) using total RNA from nuclei, and nucleolar and nucleoplasmic fractions, PCR was performed for 24 cycles. The purity of the nucleoplasmic and nucleolar preparations ...
... and to genes that were not represented in any of the libraries (effectively randomly selected). Following an RT reaction with oligo(dT) using total RNA from nuclei, and nucleolar and nucleoplasmic fractions, PCR was performed for 24 cycles. The purity of the nucleoplasmic and nucleolar preparations ...
universidad complutense de madrid - E-Prints Complutense
... It has been described in many eukaryotes including protozoa, metazoans and plants. In metazoans, lamins which constitute the class V of the intermediate filament superfamily are the main components of the lamina. They play important functions in the nucleus such as the regulation of chromatin organi ...
... It has been described in many eukaryotes including protozoa, metazoans and plants. In metazoans, lamins which constitute the class V of the intermediate filament superfamily are the main components of the lamina. They play important functions in the nucleus such as the regulation of chromatin organi ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.