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Plasma Membrane Permeability of Root
Plasma Membrane Permeability of Root

... 0.5 h pretreatment with Al. K+ release from and Al permeation into the protoplasts isolated from the root-tip of Alsensitive plant species were more significant than those for Al-tolerant plant species (rice and maize) on 10 or 30 min treatment with Al. The permeability of the plasma membrane for pr ...
Evidence for Gal3p`s Cytoplasmic Location
Evidence for Gal3p`s Cytoplasmic Location

Metabolic aspects of organogenesis in the shoot apical meristem
Metabolic aspects of organogenesis in the shoot apical meristem

... (e.g. RBCS; Fig. 1C) reveals that these genes are not expressed within the SAM but are highly expressed in regions just outside the meristem. Use of promoter::reporter gene constructs in transgenic plants supports this observation (Fig. 1D, E), indicating that transcriptional activation of photosynt ...
Gram Stain
Gram Stain

... The Gram stain is the most common differential stain used in microbiology. Differential stains use more than one dye. The unique cellular components of the bacteria will determine how they will react to the different dyes. The Gram stain procedure has been basically unchanged since it was first deve ...
Lecture21
Lecture21

... DNA containing organelles (“little organs”) lots of “junk DNA” in their genes nucleus mitochondrion - respiration were once free-living prokaryotes chloroplast - photosynthesis ...
current models for the structure of biological membranes rev iew
current models for the structure of biological membranes rev iew

Adlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description
Adlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description

... Compare and contrast animal Cells (have lysosomes, centrosomes with centrioles, and flagella) and plant Cells (have chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, and plasmodesmata). Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic Cells. Describe the origin and Evolutionary significance of the incorporat ...
cleeks o` cytokinesis: microtubule sticks and contractile hoops in cell
cleeks o` cytokinesis: microtubule sticks and contractile hoops in cell

... cytokinesis and refer the reader to that article for a more indepth discussion [1]. The importance of spindle microtubules in directing the position of cytokinesis was clear from the early experiments of Rappaport [2]. Since that time, two apparently opposing models have emerged to account for their ...
Functional Characterization of a Mitochondrial Ser/Thr Protein
Functional Characterization of a Mitochondrial Ser/Thr Protein

... and Wang, 2008; Stern et al., 2007). Thus, PP2C family members are interesting players in cell signaling that merit detailed investigations. The mitochondrial network is an essential organelle for cellular metabolism and survival, it is also a convergent and integrative site for cell signaling pathw ...
C-terminal EH-domain-containing proteins
C-terminal EH-domain-containing proteins

... mammalian cells is crucial for many essential cellular processes, such as nutrient uptake, control of ion channels, retrieval of synaptic vesicle components in neurons, and the regulated expression of signaling receptors and adhesion molecules at the cell surface (Conner and Schmid, 2003). Just as i ...
Emerging LCDs Based on the Kerr Effect - Prof. Shin
Emerging LCDs Based on the Kerr Effect - Prof. Shin

... Kerr effect, Fig. 3 shows the simulated V–T curves for cells in different W/L ratios (electrode width W to spacing width L), cell gaps, and Kerr constants (K1 = 12.7 nm/V2 and K2 = 10K1). Generally speaking, the cell gap affects the transmittance and response time in a conventional IPS cell. However ...
Betulinic Acid-induced Programmed Cell Death in
Betulinic Acid-induced Programmed Cell Death in

... cells) with betulinic acid leads to the activation of p38 and stress activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase [widely accepted proapoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)] with no change in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (antiapoptotic MAPK). Moreo ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

BMC Cell Biology
BMC Cell Biology

... from which the method reported herein is derived [35]. After we confirmed that the GFP-TIP-1 expression in mammalian cells is not localized in the nucleus (data not shown), we decided to further tailor rhotekin. Using the mammalian two-hybrid system, we tested a series of GAL4 DNA binding domain::rh ...
growth polarity and cytokinesis in fission yeast: the role of the
growth polarity and cytokinesis in fission yeast: the role of the

... Since growth will be initiated at the opposite (old) end, actin must rapidly relocate to the other end of the cell before the next cell division cycle can begin. This transition is again accompanied by the transient appearance of fine actin fibres (not shown). T he complete sequence of actin distrib ...
Regulation of cellular homoeostasis by reversible lysine acetylation
Regulation of cellular homoeostasis by reversible lysine acetylation

... More recent research has shown that SIRT2, and the opposing KAT p300, regulate a major energetic homoeostatic mechanism. When organisms face lownutrient conditions (e.g. fasting, scarcity of food/prey etc.), several metabolic pathways can be activated which increase the availability of nutrients to ...
Subcellular Localization and Activity of Multidrug
Subcellular Localization and Activity of Multidrug

SEDS proteins are a widespread family of bacterial
SEDS proteins are a widespread family of bacterial

2009/05/21 Lecture
2009/05/21 Lecture

... The fluorophore is moderately polar and its fatty acid analogs and the phospholipids derived from these probes tend to sense the lipid–water interface region of membranes instead of the hydrophobic interior. NBD fatty acids are not well metabolized by living cells. The environmental sensitivity of N ...
A Novel Plant Kinesin-Related Protein Specifically
A Novel Plant Kinesin-Related Protein Specifically

... and vesicle transport in the phragmoplast. MT-based kinesin motors are important players in both processes. To understand the mechanisms underlying plant cytokinesis, we have identified AtPAKRP2 (for Arabidopsis thaliana phragmoplast-associated kinesin-related protein 2). AtPAKRP2 is an ungrouped N- ...
19-9-ET-V1-S1__preci..
19-9-ET-V1-S1__preci..

... the salt has to be added in small amount under constant stirring to avoid accumulation of high concentration of salts. When large amount of salt is added to an aqueous solution of proteins the salt requires more amount of water for its dissolution. This leads to competition for water molecule on the ...
Signaling Through Scaffold, Anchoring, and Adaptor Proteins
Signaling Through Scaffold, Anchoring, and Adaptor Proteins

... spaced autophosphorylation sites within its COOH-terminal tail that bind a number of signaling proteins with SH2 domains. Conversion of these Tyr residues to Phe results in the same phenotype as a null mutation, despite the fact that the activity of the kinase domain is unaltered. In contrast, a sin ...
Microbiology Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Microbiology Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

... iii. Spores – small haploid bodies with protective covering when they produced sexually or asexually. iv. Fruiting body – collection of specialized hyphae following sexual union found in some fungi groups. The fruiting bodies produce and release spores. e. Classification – differences in their life ...
transporters - Warner Pacific College
transporters - Warner Pacific College

... • P-type ATPases are members of a large family, and are reversibly phosphorylated by ATP on a specific aspartic acid residue • They have 8-10 transmembrane segments in a single polypeptide, which crosses the membrane multiple times ...
Supplemental Text
Supplemental Text

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Endomembrane system

The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport. Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts.The nuclear membrane contains two lipid bilayers that encompass the contents of the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products. A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances. The cell membrane, is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.In prokaryotes endomembranes are rare, although in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and most of the cell cytoplasm is filled with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering membranes may even form enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria.The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles. Despite these relationships, the various membranes are not identical in structure and function. The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, they may be modified several times during the membrane's life. One unifying characteristic the membranes share is a lipid bilayer, with proteins attached to either side or traversing them.
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