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Viruses & Bacteria
Viruses & Bacteria

... Parasitism: An interaction where one party benefits and the other is negatively affected. Bacteria cause disease in many organisms. These bacteria are said to be pathogenic. ...
2.2 Cell Membrane and Transports
2.2 Cell Membrane and Transports

... Many polar and charged molecules, such as water, amino acids and sugars diffuse across the membrane with the help of protein complexes that span the membrane based on a concentration gradient from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. These transport proteins that extend thr ...
Hyaluronidase enhances the activity of Adriamycin in breast cancer
Hyaluronidase enhances the activity of Adriamycin in breast cancer

... Summary. The effect ofhyaluronidase and a combination of hyaluronidase with Adriamycin was investigated on several breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo. In vitro enzyme treatment (using concentrations up to 80 000 IU/ 1) of routine (MXT-, MXT -+, and MXT +) and human (MCF-7, ZR-75-1 and T-47-D) ...
Cell Wall Architecture Prerequisite for the Cell
Cell Wall Architecture Prerequisite for the Cell

... 30 d, individual cells showed more than two divisions, resulting in colony formation. It is difficult and meaningless to estimate the number of cell divisions at this stage. Osmotic stability of the protoplasts and regenerated cells—We investigated the osmotic stability of the regenerated cells to c ...
42b
42b

... ATP) and carbon dioxide (CO2). • Diffusion is the only means to exchange these gases. • The O2 content in air is about 20 times higher than in water. • O2 diffuses 8,000 times more rapidly in air. • Animals that have no internal transport of O2 are either severely limited in size or have evolved bod ...
The integumentary system
The integumentary system

... Chapter 5 ...
medical surgical nursing ii
medical surgical nursing ii

... This chapter focuses on disorders affecting the blood and blood-forming organs. Disruptions of the hematopoietic system range from minor disruptions to life-threatening. Clients with hematologic disorders need holistic nursing care, emotional support, and care for problems involving major body syste ...
Lipid reading File
Lipid reading File

... hard conditions. In fact, when we tend to fall sick and are not able to consume much food, the lipids release the energy reserves to sustain the weak body. The main function of lipids is the membrane formation of body cells. Every cell that constitutes the plasma membrane is made of a semipermeable ...
The Biology of Extracellular Molecular Chaperones. Novartis Foundation
The Biology of Extracellular Molecular Chaperones. Novartis Foundation

... was later related to the appearance of novel proteins within stressed cells, and the key signal stimulating this appearance was identified as the presence of unfolded proteins within the cell. It is now known that this is a key mechanism enabling cells to survive a multitude of physical, chemical an ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press

... Regardless of whether multicellularity reflects the direct consequence of natural selection, cladistic analyses reveal that its acquisition releases organisms from functioning as gametes (which is the fate of most unicellular eukaryotes), lengthens the diploid phase in haploid–diploid life cycles (t ...
Long-term live imaging provides new insight into stem cell
Long-term live imaging provides new insight into stem cell

... previously for analyzing border cell migration (Bianco et al., 2007; Prasad et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2010). Several aspects of the protocol appeared to be critical for success. First, only ovarioles from newly eclosed flies of the appropriate genotype were used because ovarioles with large, more m ...
Content Limit
Content Limit

... Careful planning lies at the heart of successful performance (Millis, 1998). The planning process recommended in this module will help the teacher attend to the facilitation principles (see Overview of Facilitation), work through the facilitation methodology, and anticipate learner needs (see Identi ...
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... with actin stress fibers. Myosin II molecular motors generate cellular tension, thus detaching the cell from a substrate. Protrusive forces cause cell spreading maximizing contact of cell membrane with substrate. Through the regulation of contractile and protrusive forces, a cell achieves a balance ...
Unit 1, Lessons 1-3 Review Set
Unit 1, Lessons 1-3 Review Set

... C. Cardiac, voluntary, and involuntary D. Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac ...
WORD document HERE
WORD document HERE

... Dr. Frenkel believes that this approach, when applied to a human test population, will be able to prevent the downward health spiral of Alzheimer's and dementia. The vaccine could be given to people who are at risk, those who show very early symptoms of these diseases, and those who have already su ...
Bangor School Department Grade 7 Science
Bangor School Department Grade 7 Science

... A1b: Explain how the output of one part of a system, including waste products from manufacturing or organisms, can become the input of another part of a system. A1c: Describe how systems are nested and that systems may be thought of as containing subsystems (as well as being a subsystem of a larger ...
Biology formula and tips
Biology formula and tips

... Occurance : The animals are multicellular and eukaryotic and may be aquatic, terrestrial, amphibious or aerial. Locomotion : Majority of the animals are motile. However a few like sponges are ...
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
Neurons are highly specialized cells.

... Neurons receive and transmit signals. • Resting potential means no signal is being transmitted. – more Na+ outside of cell – more K+ inside of cell ...
The Human Body
The Human Body

... 51. Mucus: A slimy substance produced in the nose and throat to moisten and protect them 52. Muscle tissue: A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. 53. Muscular System: The bodily system that is composed of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue and functions in moveme ...
Susceptibility of phospholipids of Proteus mirabilis smooth and
Susceptibility of phospholipids of Proteus mirabilis smooth and

... Poland). The organisms were grown at 37°C with vigorous shaking in 250 ml volumes of a basal salt medium [9] supplemented with 0.5% peptone (Difco), 1.2% NaC1 and 0.5% glucose. To label membrane phospholipids, 1 HCi of [1-14C] oleic acid (50 mCi/ mmole, The Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England) w ...
fuel cell charge transport
fuel cell charge transport

... For a polymer to be good ion conductor, at a minimum it should possess the following structural properties: 1) The presence of fixed charges sites; 2) The presence of free volume (“open space”). The fixed charge sites should be opposite charge compared to the moving ions. In a polymer structure maxi ...
FACS-based purification of Arabidopsis microspores, sperm cells
FACS-based purification of Arabidopsis microspores, sperm cells

... epigenetic reprogramming (reviewed in [12]). Such studies also highlighted the importance of analyzing the components of the male germ unit independently, as they activate different transcriptional machineries and establish distinct epigenetic states [2,11,13]. The VN may participate actively in con ...
overview of the blood-brain barrier and its
overview of the blood-brain barrier and its

... formulated by this pioneering work was based on evidence that blood-borne substances were excluded from the ...
Name
Name

... Most bacteria are heterotrophic and don't make their own food. That means they have to rely on other organisms to provide them with food. These bacteria have to break down, or decompose, other living things to obtain energy. Very few bacteria cause illness. Some bacteria are used to make food, such ...
29.2 Neurons KEY CONCEPT The nervous system is composed of highly specialized cells.
29.2 Neurons KEY CONCEPT The nervous system is composed of highly specialized cells.

... Neurons receive and transmit signals. • Resting potential means no signal is being transmitted. – more Na+ outside of cell – more K+ inside of cell ...
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Organ-on-a-chip

An organ-on-a-chip (OC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ systems. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in vitro multicellular human organisms. One day, they will perhaps abolish the need for animals in drug development and toxin testing.Although multiple publications claim to have translated organ functions onto this interface, the movement towards this microfluidic application is still in its infancy. Organs-on-chips will vary in design and approach between different researchers. As such, validation and optimization of these systems will likely be a long process. Organs that have been simulated by microfluidic devices include the heart, the lung, kidney, artery, bone, cartilage, skin and more.Nevertheless, building valid artificial organs requires not only a precise cellular manipulation, but a detailed understanding of the human body’s fundamental intricate response to any event. A common concern with organs-on-chips lies in the isolation of organs during testing. ""If you don’t use as close to the total physiological system that you can, you’re likely to run into troubles"" says William Haseltine, founder of Rockville, Maryland. Microfabrication, microelectronics and microfluidics offer the prospect of modeling sophisticated in vitro physiological responses under accurately simulated conditions.
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