Lecture 34 Notes
... gives the “Russell” version (p.17). Next Mike shows that Musser’s attempted fix also fails. That was for the programming language Euclid. He comments that in our book, A Programming Logic, 1978, we use a total correctness logic to avoid these problems. The Nuprl type theory deals with partial correc ...
... gives the “Russell” version (p.17). Next Mike shows that Musser’s attempted fix also fails. That was for the programming language Euclid. He comments that in our book, A Programming Logic, 1978, we use a total correctness logic to avoid these problems. The Nuprl type theory deals with partial correc ...
Sample Exam 1 - Moodle
... CSC 4-151 Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science Exam 1 May 7, 2017 ____________________ name For credit on these problems, you must show your work. On this exam, take the natural numbers to be N = {0,1,2,3, …}. 1. (6 pts.) State and prove one of DeMorgan’s Laws for propositional logic, using a t ...
... CSC 4-151 Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science Exam 1 May 7, 2017 ____________________ name For credit on these problems, you must show your work. On this exam, take the natural numbers to be N = {0,1,2,3, …}. 1. (6 pts.) State and prove one of DeMorgan’s Laws for propositional logic, using a t ...
IntroToLogic - Department of Computer Science
... In any logical language expressive enough to describe the properties of the natural numbers, there are true statements that are undecidable -- their truth cannot be established by any algorithm. ...
... In any logical language expressive enough to describe the properties of the natural numbers, there are true statements that are undecidable -- their truth cannot be established by any algorithm. ...
The theorem, it`s meaning and the central concepts
... Gödel then continues to construct a lot of relations, which he proves are recursive. These are for example P(x,y): “x is the Gödel number of a proof of the wf with Gödel number y” He then construct the wf U that together with a relation W says something like “This wf can’t be proven” when it’s anal ...
... Gödel then continues to construct a lot of relations, which he proves are recursive. These are for example P(x,y): “x is the Gödel number of a proof of the wf with Gödel number y” He then construct the wf U that together with a relation W says something like “This wf can’t be proven” when it’s anal ...
Kurt Gödel and His Theorems
... with the sets of true and false statements. Gödel Incompleteness does not apply in certain cases! ...
... with the sets of true and false statements. Gödel Incompleteness does not apply in certain cases! ...
PHIL012 Class Notes
... • Atomic sentences make claims that have truth value. In other words, they are TRUE or FALSE. • An atomic sentence consists of a predicate followed by a list of names, the number of which correspond to the predicate’s arity. • Names refer to objects. Predicates refer to properties or relations of ob ...
... • Atomic sentences make claims that have truth value. In other words, they are TRUE or FALSE. • An atomic sentence consists of a predicate followed by a list of names, the number of which correspond to the predicate’s arity. • Names refer to objects. Predicates refer to properties or relations of ob ...
Programming and Problem Solving with Java: Chapter 14
... Truth Tables Tables that show truth values for all possible inputs to a logical operator. For example: ...
... Truth Tables Tables that show truth values for all possible inputs to a logical operator. For example: ...
First order theories
... But there exists first order theories defined by axioms which are not sufficient for proving all T-valid formulas. ...
... But there exists first order theories defined by axioms which are not sufficient for proving all T-valid formulas. ...
Propositional Logic Predicate Logic
... “There exists x s.t. A” B is true for some individual x. We also use individual constant a, b, c, etc. For some specific theories, we may write ∀x ∈ X.A or ∃x ∈ X.A to specify the set that x ranges over. Note. Nullary predicates (or, predicates with zero variables) are propositions. ...
... “There exists x s.t. A” B is true for some individual x. We also use individual constant a, b, c, etc. For some specific theories, we may write ∀x ∈ X.A or ∃x ∈ X.A to specify the set that x ranges over. Note. Nullary predicates (or, predicates with zero variables) are propositions. ...
slides - Department of Computer Science
... So we get: PA, except that axioms assert only the existence of finite sets definable with formulas (formulas with no string-quantifiers and with bounded number-quantifiers.) Such formulas correspond to a (weak) complexity class: constant-depth Boolean circuits of polynomial-size (aka AC0). Denote th ...
... So we get: PA, except that axioms assert only the existence of finite sets definable with formulas (formulas with no string-quantifiers and with bounded number-quantifiers.) Such formulas correspond to a (weak) complexity class: constant-depth Boolean circuits of polynomial-size (aka AC0). Denote th ...
Lecture_ai_3 - WordPress.com
... • Used to join atomic symbols to form complex structure • Valid connectives are as follows i)Not or negation Denoted by ̚ if P is true then ̚ P is false ii)Conjunction Denoted by AND/˄ P˄Q will be true if both of them is true iii)Disjunction Denoted by OR/˅ P˅Q will be true if only one of th ...
... • Used to join atomic symbols to form complex structure • Valid connectives are as follows i)Not or negation Denoted by ̚ if P is true then ̚ P is false ii)Conjunction Denoted by AND/˄ P˄Q will be true if both of them is true iii)Disjunction Denoted by OR/˅ P˅Q will be true if only one of th ...
Principia Mathematica
The Principia Mathematica is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics, written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910, 1912, and 1913. In 1927, it appeared in a second edition with an important Introduction To the Second Edition, an Appendix A that replaced ✸9 and an all-new Appendix C.PM, as it is often abbreviated, was an attempt to describe a set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic from which all mathematical truths could in principle be proven. As such, this ambitious project is of great importance in the history of mathematics and philosophy, being one of the foremost products of the belief that such an undertaking may be achievable. However, in 1931, Gödel's incompleteness theorem proved definitively that PM, and in fact any other attempt, could never achieve this lofty goal; that is, for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, either the system must be inconsistent, or there must in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them.One of the main inspirations and motivations for PM was the earlier work of Gottlob Frege on logic, which Russell discovered allowed for the construction of paradoxical sets. PM sought to avoid this problem by ruling out the unrestricted creation of arbitrary sets. This was achieved by replacing the notion of a general set with the notion of a hierarchy of sets of different 'types', a set of a certain type only allowed to contain sets of strictly lower types. Contemporary mathematics, however, avoids paradoxes such as Russell's in less unwieldy ways, such as the system of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.PM is not to be confused with Russell's 1903 Principles of Mathematics. PM states: ""The present work was originally intended by us to be comprised in a second volume of Principles of Mathematics... But as we advanced, it became increasingly evident that the subject is a very much larger one than we had supposed; moreover on many fundamental questions which had been left obscure and doubtful in the former work, we have now arrived at what we believe to be satisfactory solutions.""The Modern Library placed it 23rd in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century.