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High Precision 2.5 V IC Reference AD580*
High Precision 2.5 V IC Reference AD580*

... voltage in the forward-biased operating region. All such transistors have approximately a –2 mV/°C temperature coefficient, unsuitable for use directly as a low TC reference; however, extrapolation of the temperature characteristic of any one of these devices to absolute zero (with emitter current p ...
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... When a non-linear device is operating in a circuit, its resistance is the voltage across it divided by the current through it, rather than the value of the gradient of the non-linear graph at the point. Diodes become conducting at about 0.7 V and the voltage drop across a diode stays at this value f ...
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... being applied to a lock-in amplifier. The preamplifier has a gain of 100, a first-order lowpass characteristic with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, a thermal noise level of 10nv/√Hz and a flicker noise corner frequency of 2 kHz. Given that the Wheatstone bridge should detect strain variations with frequencie ...
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Integrating ADC



An integrating ADC is a type of analog-to-digital converter that converts an unknown input voltage into a digital representation through the use of an integrator. In its most basic implementation, the unknown input voltage is applied to the input of the integrator and allowed to ramp for a fixed time period (the run-up period). Then a known reference voltage of opposite polarity is applied to the integrator and is allowed to ramp until the integrator output returns to zero (the run-down period). The input voltage is computed as a function of the reference voltage, the constant run-up time period, and the measured run-down time period. The run-down time measurement is usually made in units of the converter's clock, so longer integration times allow for higher resolutions. Likewise, the speed of the converter can be improved by sacrificing resolution.Converters of this type can achieve high resolution, but often do so at the expense of speed. For this reason, these converters are not found in audio or signal processing applications. Their use is typically limited to digital voltmeters and other instruments requiring highly accurate measurements.
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