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1. The simple, one transistor current source 2. The simple, one
1. The simple, one transistor current source 2. The simple, one

... Designing the source means to determine the geometries for both transistors in the circuit and to set the bias voltages Vgn1 and Vgn2 in order to meet the design specifications. In the first step the minimum allowed output voltage, Vomin, is split between the two transistors. The first idea is to di ...
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... Note 6: The input common-mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3V. The upper end of the common-mode voltage range is V+−1.5V at 25˚C, but either or both inputs can go to 36V without damage, independent of the magnitude of V+. Note 7: The resp ...
High Voltage and Load Current Monitors
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LMX1501A/LMX1511 PLLatinum 1.1 GHz Frequency Synthesizer for RF Personal Communications LMX1501A/LMX1511
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... occur if the input voltage is allowed to ramp upward through the action of an ac line rectifier and filter network. Similarly, when an instantaneous short circuit is applied to the output, both ringing and excessive fall times can result. A tantalum or aluminum electrolytic bypass capacitor is recom ...
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IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP)

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Integrating ADC



An integrating ADC is a type of analog-to-digital converter that converts an unknown input voltage into a digital representation through the use of an integrator. In its most basic implementation, the unknown input voltage is applied to the input of the integrator and allowed to ramp for a fixed time period (the run-up period). Then a known reference voltage of opposite polarity is applied to the integrator and is allowed to ramp until the integrator output returns to zero (the run-down period). The input voltage is computed as a function of the reference voltage, the constant run-up time period, and the measured run-down time period. The run-down time measurement is usually made in units of the converter's clock, so longer integration times allow for higher resolutions. Likewise, the speed of the converter can be improved by sacrificing resolution.Converters of this type can achieve high resolution, but often do so at the expense of speed. For this reason, these converters are not found in audio or signal processing applications. Their use is typically limited to digital voltmeters and other instruments requiring highly accurate measurements.
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