Probability in Biology: The Case of Fitness Roberta L. Millstein
... fitter some organisms were than others and to be able to use different fitness values to predict the ...
... fitter some organisms were than others and to be able to use different fitness values to predict the ...
Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection
... The explanatory role of natural selection is one of the long-term debates in evolutionary biology. Nevertheless, the consensus has been slippery because conceptual confusions and the absence of a unified, formal causal model that integrates different explanatory scopes of natural selection. In this s ...
... The explanatory role of natural selection is one of the long-term debates in evolutionary biology. Nevertheless, the consensus has been slippery because conceptual confusions and the absence of a unified, formal causal model that integrates different explanatory scopes of natural selection. In this s ...
Between Zeus and the Salmon
... This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, ...
... This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, ...
Descended from Darwin
... synthesis, Ernst Mayr, described the early twentieth century as rife with opposition to Darwinism. He pointed to the threat Darwinism posed to the argument from design, the lasting influence of essentialism, and the ambiguity of terms and phrases such as selection, species, and survival of the fitte ...
... synthesis, Ernst Mayr, described the early twentieth century as rife with opposition to Darwinism. He pointed to the threat Darwinism posed to the argument from design, the lasting influence of essentialism, and the ambiguity of terms and phrases such as selection, species, and survival of the fitte ...
Homoplasy, homology, and the perceived special
... care, spatial navigation, range use, migration, and territorial defense, are not easily connected to structural underpinnings and are best characterized only in functional terms. Should this fact alone exclude them from the set of potentially homologous traits? We would argue most adamantly, ‘‘No!’’ ...
... care, spatial navigation, range use, migration, and territorial defense, are not easily connected to structural underpinnings and are best characterized only in functional terms. Should this fact alone exclude them from the set of potentially homologous traits? We would argue most adamantly, ‘‘No!’’ ...
Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms:Trends and Challenges
... J.E. Smith, Self Adaptation in Evolutionary Algorithms, 1998 [197] presents its own taxonomy that is very similar to the one we presented above. However, the evidence that guides the changes is seen as “perhaps the most important” dimension (page 18). Later on in a joint publication, these views wer ...
... J.E. Smith, Self Adaptation in Evolutionary Algorithms, 1998 [197] presents its own taxonomy that is very similar to the one we presented above. However, the evidence that guides the changes is seen as “perhaps the most important” dimension (page 18). Later on in a joint publication, these views wer ...
Marty Ferris
... 1a) Gotthard and Nylin: Is there an objective way to invoke the 'design criterion'? I'm mainly referring to their discussion on pg. 9 where they suggest that ' the design criterion can thus be invoked when the link between environmental and phenotypic change is predictable, but improbable enough tha ...
... 1a) Gotthard and Nylin: Is there an objective way to invoke the 'design criterion'? I'm mainly referring to their discussion on pg. 9 where they suggest that ' the design criterion can thus be invoked when the link between environmental and phenotypic change is predictable, but improbable enough tha ...
Adaptive speciation when assortative mating is
... has shown that such evolutionary convergence onto disruptive selection regimes is a generic outcome of all types of ecological interactions generating negative frequency dependence, as well as of frequency-dependent sexual selection (a long list of relevant publications can e.g. be found at http://w ...
... has shown that such evolutionary convergence onto disruptive selection regimes is a generic outcome of all types of ecological interactions generating negative frequency dependence, as well as of frequency-dependent sexual selection (a long list of relevant publications can e.g. be found at http://w ...
The Paleobiological Revolution
... a nature that its data by themselves cannot throw any light on genetics or selection. . . . All that paleontology can do . . . is to assert that, as regards the type of organisms which it studies, the evolutionary methods suggested by geneticists and evolutionists shall not contradict its data.”8 In ...
... a nature that its data by themselves cannot throw any light on genetics or selection. . . . All that paleontology can do . . . is to assert that, as regards the type of organisms which it studies, the evolutionary methods suggested by geneticists and evolutionists shall not contradict its data.”8 In ...
Chapter 15: Evolution
... 4. If environmental conditions change, traits that have low survival value may now have a greater survival value. Therefore, traits that prove to be favorable under new environmental conditions will increase in SACCONE IS THE COOLEST frequency ...
... 4. If environmental conditions change, traits that have low survival value may now have a greater survival value. Therefore, traits that prove to be favorable under new environmental conditions will increase in SACCONE IS THE COOLEST frequency ...
Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive
... Gordo & Sanz 2009). These changes in flowering initiation likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). ...
... Gordo & Sanz 2009). These changes in flowering initiation likely represent plastic responses to warmer temperatures (Gordo & Sanz 2010). To date, little is known about whether warmer climates also result in the selection for earlier reproduction (but see Bradshaw & Holzapfel 2006 for animal studies). ...
Please address all correspondence to senior author
... interpretation makes more sense on its own terms. In addition, once it is conceded that drift is to be interpreted statistically, only the statistical conception of natural selection can accommodate the presumed relation between selection and drift. We end with some general considerations concerning ...
... interpretation makes more sense on its own terms. In addition, once it is conceded that drift is to be interpreted statistically, only the statistical conception of natural selection can accommodate the presumed relation between selection and drift. We end with some general considerations concerning ...
Skipper/Millstein, “Evolutionary Mechanisms” - Philsci
... italics added). Futuyma, introducing evolutionary biology, says, “[t]he several mechanisms of evolution include natural selection, which accounts for the diverse adaptations of organisms to different environments” (Futuyma, 1986, p. 7; italics added). And Hartl and Clark say, “[t]he process of evolu ...
... italics added). Futuyma, introducing evolutionary biology, says, “[t]he several mechanisms of evolution include natural selection, which accounts for the diverse adaptations of organisms to different environments” (Futuyma, 1986, p. 7; italics added). And Hartl and Clark say, “[t]he process of evolu ...
Thinking About Evolutionary Mechanisms: Natural Selection
... italics added). Futuyma, introducing evolutionary biology, says, “[t]he several mechanisms of evolution include natural selection, which accounts for the diverse adaptations of organisms to different environments” (Futuyma, 1986, p. 7; italics added). And Hartl and Clark say, “[t]he process of evolu ...
... italics added). Futuyma, introducing evolutionary biology, says, “[t]he several mechanisms of evolution include natural selection, which accounts for the diverse adaptations of organisms to different environments” (Futuyma, 1986, p. 7; italics added). And Hartl and Clark say, “[t]he process of evolu ...
Niche Inheritance
... which organisms can contribute to evolution. In each generation, variant organisms survive and reproduce differentially relative to natural selection and chance, thereby causing “fit” organisms to transmit their genes to their descendents by genetic inheritance. This restricted concept of inheritanc ...
... which organisms can contribute to evolution. In each generation, variant organisms survive and reproduce differentially relative to natural selection and chance, thereby causing “fit” organisms to transmit their genes to their descendents by genetic inheritance. This restricted concept of inheritanc ...
The Trials of Life: Natural Selection and Random Drift*
... our ignorance of the forces involved. Once we know about the forces causing the error, these can either be factored into the expected outcome, or eliminated from the experimental set-up. Error in the coin case is different; it is a built-in feature of the laws of probability. The expected outcome an ...
... our ignorance of the forces involved. Once we know about the forces causing the error, these can either be factored into the expected outcome, or eliminated from the experimental set-up. Error in the coin case is different; it is a built-in feature of the laws of probability. The expected outcome an ...
Evolution of bite force in Darwin`s finches: a key
... on bite force, we calculated residuals of all morphological and performance traits across three indices of body size: wing chord, tarsus length, and body mass. We conducted regression analyses on these size-corrected data as well as on the raw data. Regressions were calculated in a phylogenetic cont ...
... on bite force, we calculated residuals of all morphological and performance traits across three indices of body size: wing chord, tarsus length, and body mass. We conducted regression analyses on these size-corrected data as well as on the raw data. Regressions were calculated in a phylogenetic cont ...
Behavioral changes, ecological niches and adaptive diversification
... and how lineages diversify in phenotype and species numbers remains a major challenge in evolutionary biology. The process of evolutionary diversification is complex, involving a variety of geograp ...
... and how lineages diversify in phenotype and species numbers remains a major challenge in evolutionary biology. The process of evolutionary diversification is complex, involving a variety of geograp ...
Adaptive changes in harvested populations: plasticity and evolution
... 1993; Law 2000). First, harvesting can alter the genetic composition of exploited populations by removing individuals selectively (Sheridan 1995), which may result in rapid life-history evolution (Reznick et al. 1990; Conover & Munch 2002). Second, phenotypic plasticity allows individuals to respond ...
... 1993; Law 2000). First, harvesting can alter the genetic composition of exploited populations by removing individuals selectively (Sheridan 1995), which may result in rapid life-history evolution (Reznick et al. 1990; Conover & Munch 2002). Second, phenotypic plasticity allows individuals to respond ...
An Introduction to Biological Aging Theory
... life has occurred and the vast majority of biological observations match Darwin’s concept. Introductory biology courses currently teach that Darwin’s natural selection theory is scientifically generally accepted as the complete and comprehensive explanation for the evolution process. In connection w ...
... life has occurred and the vast majority of biological observations match Darwin’s concept. Introductory biology courses currently teach that Darwin’s natural selection theory is scientifically generally accepted as the complete and comprehensive explanation for the evolution process. In connection w ...
Homology and Heterochrony
... Garstang discussed in detail how a generalized protochordate can be derived by paedomorphosis from an echinoderm larva (the auricularia larva), where the protochordate neural folds are derived from the auricularia cilial bands and the endostyle is derived from the adoral band. Furthermore, Garstang ...
... Garstang discussed in detail how a generalized protochordate can be derived by paedomorphosis from an echinoderm larva (the auricularia larva), where the protochordate neural folds are derived from the auricularia cilial bands and the endostyle is derived from the adoral band. Furthermore, Garstang ...
Experimental analysis of body size and shape during critical life
... In selecting the plastron, we recognize that not all aspects of body shape and movement for terrestrial or aquatic locomotion will be captured. In particular, drag can be broken into components contributed by shape in the horizontal plane (friction drag) and in the vertical plane (pressure drag); th ...
... In selecting the plastron, we recognize that not all aspects of body shape and movement for terrestrial or aquatic locomotion will be captured. In particular, drag can be broken into components contributed by shape in the horizontal plane (friction drag) and in the vertical plane (pressure drag); th ...
1 to appear in R. Singh, D. Paul, C. Krimbas, and J. Beatty (eds
... for the theory of natural selection to apply to the concrete lives of individual organisms, it is essential that the fitness values assigned to traits have implications concerning the reproductive prospects of the individuals that have those traits. How are trait fitnesses and individual fitnesses c ...
... for the theory of natural selection to apply to the concrete lives of individual organisms, it is essential that the fitness values assigned to traits have implications concerning the reproductive prospects of the individuals that have those traits. How are trait fitnesses and individual fitnesses c ...
Evolutionary Dynamics of Nitrogen Fixation in the Legume–Rhizobia
... 1 Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan, 2 Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 3 Department of Basic Biology, School o ...
... 1 Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institute for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan, 2 Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 3 Department of Basic Biology, School o ...