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06 System Grounding
06 System Grounding

... ground potential also, this has big implications for the system. It means that the line-to-ground insulation level of equipment need only be as large as the phase-to-neutral voltage, which is 57.7% of the phase-to-phase voltage. It also means that the system is less susceptible to phase-to-ground vo ...
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Lightning Protection for Power Systems: A Primer
Lightning Protection for Power Systems: A Primer

... surge arrestor has a high impedance and therefore does not allow much current to flow through it. This keeps power consumption low under normal operating conditions. When a voltage surge occurs, however, the surge arrestor allows a large amount of current to flow, limiting the voltage across itself ...
delay analysis and optimal biasing for high speed low power current
delay analysis and optimal biasing for high speed low power current

... circuit still tends to dominate the field of digital integrated circuits, it is not suitable for high speed designs as the turnon and turn-off times limit its maximum operation speed. Since the rail-to-rail CMOS voltage swing is large (from zero to Vdd), the time taken to charge and discharge capaci ...
Square-wave excitation of a linear oscillator
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... In this equation ω0 is the natural frequency of oscillations of charge in the circuit in the absence of resistance. It depends√on the capacitance C of the capacitor and the inductance L of the coil: ω0 = 1/ LC. The damping constant γ = R/(2L) characterizes the dissipation of electromagnetic energy o ...
AP7217
AP7217

... A 1μF ceramic capacitor is recommended to connect between IN and GND pins to decouple input power supply glitch and noise. The amount of the capacitance may be increased without limit. A lower ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) capacitor allows the use of less capacitance, while higher ESR type requ ...
technical report iec tr 60909-1
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... The M-LVDS standard defines two types of receivers, designated as Type-1 and Type-2. Type-1 receivers have thresholds centered about zero with 25 mV of hysteresis to prevent output oscillations with loss of input; Type-2 receivers implement a failsafe by using an offset threshold. Receiver outputs a ...
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Use of ferrites in EMI suppression

... Steward ferrites deliver maximum series impedance under zero DC and low frequency AC bias; i.e., when zero net flux is induced into the device by circuit bias currents. Since EMI suppression ferrites are frequently used to filter common mode EMI on conductors carrying DC or AC power, they should be ...
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... necessary testing for the customer’s applications and products using NXP Semiconductors products in order to avoid a default of the applications and the products or of the application or use by customer’s third party customer(s). NXP does not accept any liability in this respect. Limiting values ⎯ S ...
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... 45 x 109). An inductance of only 10nH adds an additional 450V to the clamp voltage and represents approximately 0.5in of board trace. Regardless of the device’s specified diode clamp voltage, a poor layout with parasitic inductance significantly increases the effective clamp voltage at the protected ...
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... supply current with Maxim’s AutoShutdown™ feature. They save power without changing the existing BIOS or operating systems by entering low-power shutdown mode when the RS-232 cable is disconnected, or when the transmitters of the connected peripherals are off. The transceivers have a proprietary low ...
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... A. Units shall include an engineered solid-state high performance suppression system utilizing a predetermined number of selenium cells and arrays of non-linear voltage dependent metal oxide varistors with similar operating characteristics. B. The suppression system components shall optimally share ...
Datasheet - Diodes Incorporated
Datasheet - Diodes Incorporated

... indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized application. Products described herein may be covered by one or more United States, international or foreign patents pending. Product names and markings noted herein may also be covered by one or more U ...
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Variable-frequency drive



A variable-frequency drive (VFD) (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.VFDs are used in applications ranging from small appliances to the largest of mine mill drives and compressors. However, around 25% of the world's electrical energy is consumed by electric motors in industrial applications, which are especially conducive for energy savings using VFDs in centrifugal load service, and VFDs' global market penetration for all applications is still relatively small. That lack of penetration highlights significant energy efficiency improvement opportunities for retrofitted and new VFD installations.Over the last four decades, power electronics technology has reduced VFD cost and size and has improved performance through advances in semiconductor switching devices, drive topologies, simulation and control techniques, and control hardware and software.VFDs are available in a number of different low- and medium-voltage AC-AC and DC-AC topologies.
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