Post-Translational Modifications of the TAK1-TAB Complex
... where TAK1 phosphorylates its substrates such as the inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase β (IKKβ) MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) including MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, and MKK7. IKKβ is a component of the IKK complex consisting of IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ (also referred to as NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)) that is ...
... where TAK1 phosphorylates its substrates such as the inhibitor of nuclear factor κB kinase β (IKKβ) MAP kinase kinases (MKKs) including MKK3, MKK4, MKK6, and MKK7. IKKβ is a component of the IKK complex consisting of IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ (also referred to as NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)) that is ...
Nuclear export signal located within the DNAbinding domain of the
... To investigate whether CRM1 was the shuttling receptor responsible for mediating STAT1 export, we performed a similar experiment in the presence of the speci®c CRM1 inhibitor, leptomycin B (Figure 2A, right panels). Leptomycin B binds CRM1 speci®cally and inhibits its export activity (Wolff et al., ...
... To investigate whether CRM1 was the shuttling receptor responsible for mediating STAT1 export, we performed a similar experiment in the presence of the speci®c CRM1 inhibitor, leptomycin B (Figure 2A, right panels). Leptomycin B binds CRM1 speci®cally and inhibits its export activity (Wolff et al., ...
FOCAL ADHESION KINASE: IN COMMAND AND CONTROL OF
... An established tissue-culture strain of human epidermoid carcinoma cells, containing 70–80 chromosomes per cell. These cells were originally derived from tissue taken from a patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. ...
... An established tissue-culture strain of human epidermoid carcinoma cells, containing 70–80 chromosomes per cell. These cells were originally derived from tissue taken from a patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. ...
With No Lysine (WNK) Family Proteins and Their
... cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there are no other known folded domains in the protein. There are some conserved areas, na ...
... cysteine. An alternate lysine in β strand 2 functions in its place. The four mammalian genes of the WNK family code for long proteins, 1200 to 2400 amino acids in length. However, outside of the kinase domain, there are no other known folded domains in the protein. There are some conserved areas, na ...
Substrate specificity and inhibitors of LRRK2, a protein kinase
... LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2) predispose humans to PD (Parkinson’s disease) [1,2]. Patients with LRRK2 mutations generally develop PD at the normal age of 60–70 years, with clinical appearance and symptoms indistinguishable from idiopathic PD [3]. Mutations in LRRK2 account for 4 % of ...
... LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2) predispose humans to PD (Parkinson’s disease) [1,2]. Patients with LRRK2 mutations generally develop PD at the normal age of 60–70 years, with clinical appearance and symptoms indistinguishable from idiopathic PD [3]. Mutations in LRRK2 account for 4 % of ...
Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by
... cytokine signalling 4 and 5 (SOCS4 and SOCS5) (Nicholson et al., 2005; Kario et al., 2005) and receptor-associated late transducer (RALT, also known as MIG6 and ERRFI1) (Fiorentino et al., 2000; Hackel et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2005a). These EGFR IFIs all bind directly to EGFR, which is key to their ...
... cytokine signalling 4 and 5 (SOCS4 and SOCS5) (Nicholson et al., 2005; Kario et al., 2005) and receptor-associated late transducer (RALT, also known as MIG6 and ERRFI1) (Fiorentino et al., 2000; Hackel et al., 2001; Xu et al., 2005a). These EGFR IFIs all bind directly to EGFR, which is key to their ...
NMDA Receptor Function and Physiological Modulation
... activity to biochemical signaling via activation of Ca2þ-dependent enzymes and downstream signaling pathways. In this way, calcium influx through the NMDA receptor can lead to long-term changes in synaptic strength and other cellular modifications, including alterations in synaptic structure or conn ...
... activity to biochemical signaling via activation of Ca2þ-dependent enzymes and downstream signaling pathways. In this way, calcium influx through the NMDA receptor can lead to long-term changes in synaptic strength and other cellular modifications, including alterations in synaptic structure or conn ...
Mammalian Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal
... maintains signaling pathway specificity by binding selectively Ste7p and not Pbs2p (120, 242). Conversely, Pbs2p, in addition to serving as a MEK, has intrinsic scaffold properties, selectively binding Ste11p and the osmosensing MAPK Hog1p. Pbs2p does not bind Fus3p, and thus Pbs2p maintains signali ...
... maintains signaling pathway specificity by binding selectively Ste7p and not Pbs2p (120, 242). Conversely, Pbs2p, in addition to serving as a MEK, has intrinsic scaffold properties, selectively binding Ste11p and the osmosensing MAPK Hog1p. Pbs2p does not bind Fus3p, and thus Pbs2p maintains signali ...
Oxidative stress stimulates multiple MAPK signalling pathways and
... (PMA)] and mechanical overload. The two isoforms of JNKs identified (p46-JNK1 and p52-JNK2) were found to be phosphorylated in response to 0.5·mol·l–1 sorbitol, mechanical overload and re-oxygenation following anoxia. p38-MAPK was also stimulated by mechanical overload but was most potently activate ...
... (PMA)] and mechanical overload. The two isoforms of JNKs identified (p46-JNK1 and p52-JNK2) were found to be phosphorylated in response to 0.5·mol·l–1 sorbitol, mechanical overload and re-oxygenation following anoxia. p38-MAPK was also stimulated by mechanical overload but was most potently activate ...
A. Work Accomplished by You and/or Others Cellular biology of
... and higher eukaryotes. A number of these proteins play dependency on the chaperone for both stability and roles in human cancer. activity even under non-stress conditions, and consequently high levels of Hsp90 are found in all eukaryotic cells. A hallmark of Hsp90-client protein interactions is that ...
... and higher eukaryotes. A number of these proteins play dependency on the chaperone for both stability and roles in human cancer. activity even under non-stress conditions, and consequently high levels of Hsp90 are found in all eukaryotic cells. A hallmark of Hsp90-client protein interactions is that ...
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Induces Wnt
... -catenin is crucial for this event. We conclude that the HGF causes similar redistribution of -catenin as Wnt-1 in the hepatocytes and that this effect is attributable to subcellular association of Met and -catenin. The intracellular kinase domain of Met is essential for tyrosine phosphorylation ...
... -catenin is crucial for this event. We conclude that the HGF causes similar redistribution of -catenin as Wnt-1 in the hepatocytes and that this effect is attributable to subcellular association of Met and -catenin. The intracellular kinase domain of Met is essential for tyrosine phosphorylation ...
Tyr130 phosphorylation triggers Syk release
... that the adaptability of the Syk tandem SH2 domains is made possible by relatively weak interactions between the two SH2 domains and the flexibility of interdomain A (5–8). In stimulated cells, the interaction of Syk with the phosphorylated ITAM of clustered antigen receptors leads to phosphorylatio ...
... that the adaptability of the Syk tandem SH2 domains is made possible by relatively weak interactions between the two SH2 domains and the flexibility of interdomain A (5–8). In stimulated cells, the interaction of Syk with the phosphorylated ITAM of clustered antigen receptors leads to phosphorylatio ...
A Patch of Surface-Exposed Residues Mediates
... Mutations in this area resulted in constitutive gain-of-function (CGF) forms of Pto that activated AvrPto-independent cell death via the cognate signaling pathway. The patch overlaps the peptide binding region of the kinase catalytic cleft and is part of a broader region required for interaction wit ...
... Mutations in this area resulted in constitutive gain-of-function (CGF) forms of Pto that activated AvrPto-independent cell death via the cognate signaling pathway. The patch overlaps the peptide binding region of the kinase catalytic cleft and is part of a broader region required for interaction wit ...
Proper Folding and Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi
... advanced and metastatic lesions due to suppression of melanocyte-specific proteins. Down-regulation at the transcriptional level is likely to involve inactivation of microphthalmia, the transcription factor controlling pigment-specific genes such as tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin synthesis (1 ...
... advanced and metastatic lesions due to suppression of melanocyte-specific proteins. Down-regulation at the transcriptional level is likely to involve inactivation of microphthalmia, the transcription factor controlling pigment-specific genes such as tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin synthesis (1 ...
The Case of Protein Kinase CK2
... CK2β seems to interact directly with more than 40 different proteins, including other protein kinases such as A-Raf, Chk1, Chk2, PKC-ζ, Mos and p90rsk (Bibby & Lichfield, 2005; BolanosGarcia et al., 2006; Olsen & Guerra, 2008). It was shown that association of the human protein kinases Chk1, Mos, an ...
... CK2β seems to interact directly with more than 40 different proteins, including other protein kinases such as A-Raf, Chk1, Chk2, PKC-ζ, Mos and p90rsk (Bibby & Lichfield, 2005; BolanosGarcia et al., 2006; Olsen & Guerra, 2008). It was shown that association of the human protein kinases Chk1, Mos, an ...
Evolving Concepts in G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endocytosis: The
... involved in GPCR endocytosis, as well as the contribution of receptor endocytosis to the regulation of GPCR signaling. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying GPCR endocytosis has progressed rapidly in recent years. However, as new information becomes available regarding the multit ...
... involved in GPCR endocytosis, as well as the contribution of receptor endocytosis to the regulation of GPCR signaling. The identification of the molecular mechanisms underlying GPCR endocytosis has progressed rapidly in recent years. However, as new information becomes available regarding the multit ...
The Multiple Personalities of the Regulatory Subunit of Protein
... diverse and somewhat bewildering array of more than 300 potential substrates have been identified [2]. CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in a wide variety of cellular processes including cell differentiation, proliferation and survival [3, 4]. Genetic studies in organisms such as ye ...
... diverse and somewhat bewildering array of more than 300 potential substrates have been identified [2]. CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in a wide variety of cellular processes including cell differentiation, proliferation and survival [3, 4]. Genetic studies in organisms such as ye ...
Gene Section AURKB (aurora kinase B) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... among all vertebrates. Aurora B (Aurora 1, ARK2, and AIM1) and Aurora-C (Aurora 3 and AIK3) came into existence from gene duplication during the evolution of mammals (Brown et al., 2004). ...
... among all vertebrates. Aurora B (Aurora 1, ARK2, and AIM1) and Aurora-C (Aurora 3 and AIK3) came into existence from gene duplication during the evolution of mammals (Brown et al., 2004). ...
Dominant-Negative Receptor Uncovers
... putative -subunit of the heterotrimeric G-proteins, which are known to transduce signals via seven transmembrane G-protein–coupled receptors in animals (Lease et al., 2001b). It remains to be determined how heterotrimeric G-proteins interact with the ERECTA LRR-RLK signaling pathway. We sought to d ...
... putative -subunit of the heterotrimeric G-proteins, which are known to transduce signals via seven transmembrane G-protein–coupled receptors in animals (Lease et al., 2001b). It remains to be determined how heterotrimeric G-proteins interact with the ERECTA LRR-RLK signaling pathway. We sought to d ...
from dicp.ac.cn
... of p38 MAPK and can be activated by p38α under cellular stress (2-4, 6). CK2 also contributes to p38 MAPK signaling pathway regulation. In a phosphorylation-dependent manner, p38α can directly interact with the α and β subunits of CK2 to activate the holoenzyme (17). p38 and CK2 both co-immunoprecip ...
... of p38 MAPK and can be activated by p38α under cellular stress (2-4, 6). CK2 also contributes to p38 MAPK signaling pathway regulation. In a phosphorylation-dependent manner, p38α can directly interact with the α and β subunits of CK2 to activate the holoenzyme (17). p38 and CK2 both co-immunoprecip ...
Low Catecholamine Concentrations Protect Adult Rat Ventricular
... the trophic effects of which are well established (Sadoshima et al., 1995) but which was also recently identified as a potent proapoptotic agent (Kajstura et al., 1997). These observations are also in keeping with our current knowledge of apoptosis, a tightly regulated biological process controlled ...
... the trophic effects of which are well established (Sadoshima et al., 1995) but which was also recently identified as a potent proapoptotic agent (Kajstura et al., 1997). These observations are also in keeping with our current knowledge of apoptosis, a tightly regulated biological process controlled ...
The Lyn kinase C-lobe mediates Golgi export of Lyn through
... 4°C were assayed by immunoblotting with anti-Myc antibody. Amounts of Myc-ACSL3 are expressed as values relative to those pulled down with GST-C-lobe. GST proteins were visualized by CBB staining. (D)COS-1 cells transfected with Lyn-HA, Myc-ACSL3 or Lyn-HA plus Myc-ACSL3 were cultured for 13 hours ...
... 4°C were assayed by immunoblotting with anti-Myc antibody. Amounts of Myc-ACSL3 are expressed as values relative to those pulled down with GST-C-lobe. GST proteins were visualized by CBB staining. (D)COS-1 cells transfected with Lyn-HA, Myc-ACSL3 or Lyn-HA plus Myc-ACSL3 were cultured for 13 hours ...
Diacylglycerol kinases - University of Toronto Mississauga
... stimulated with IL-2 [55,60], and to the plasma membrane upon activation of the T cell antigen receptor [20]. Once at a membrane compartment, the DAG kinase activity of DGKa can be modified by the availability of several cofactors. Calcium is known to bind to EF hand structures and stimulated DGKa a ...
... stimulated with IL-2 [55,60], and to the plasma membrane upon activation of the T cell antigen receptor [20]. Once at a membrane compartment, the DAG kinase activity of DGKa can be modified by the availability of several cofactors. Calcium is known to bind to EF hand structures and stimulated DGKa a ...
Protein phosphatases and the regulation of mitosis
... subunit (R) drawn from a pool of over 150 potential partners. PP2A has a trimeric structure, with one each of the two possible catalytic and A-subunit variants, and a B, B⬘, B⬙ or B subunit. Multiple isoforms of the four B, B⬘, B⬙ and B subunits exist. PP4 has a single catalytic and regulatory sub ...
... subunit (R) drawn from a pool of over 150 potential partners. PP2A has a trimeric structure, with one each of the two possible catalytic and A-subunit variants, and a B, B⬘, B⬙ or B subunit. Multiple isoforms of the four B, B⬘, B⬙ and B subunits exist. PP4 has a single catalytic and regulatory sub ...
Protein phosphorylation in chloroplasts – a survey of
... For rice and maize, only a few phosphoproteome analyses have been performed and the problem of cumulated FDRs is smaller, because the individual studies applied stringent matching criteria (see discussion below). We identified 227 phosphopeptides from 100 chloroplast proteins in a recent comprehensi ...
... For rice and maize, only a few phosphoproteome analyses have been performed and the problem of cumulated FDRs is smaller, because the individual studies applied stringent matching criteria (see discussion below). We identified 227 phosphopeptides from 100 chloroplast proteins in a recent comprehensi ...
Tyrosine kinase
A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell. It functions as an ""on"" or ""off"" switch in many cellular functions. Tyrosine kinases are a subclass of protein kinase.The phosphate group is attached to the amino acid tyrosine on the protein. Tyrosine kinases are a subgroup of the larger class of protein kinases that attach phosphate groups to other amino acids (serine and threonine). Phosphorylation of proteins by kinases is an important mechanism in communicating signals within a cell (signal transduction) and regulating cellular activity, such as cell division. Protein kinases can become mutated, stuck in the ""on"" position, and cause unregulated growth of the cell, which is a necessary step for the development of cancer. Therefore, kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib, are often effective cancer treatments. Most tyrosine kinases have an associated protein tyrosine phosphatase, which removes the phosphate group.