three logicians: aristotle, saccheri, frege
... forerunner of the non-euclidean geometries. But he also wrote a treatise on logic: Logica Demonstrativa, first printed in 16921. This is a marvellous book that seems to have exerted absolutely no influence until it was rediscovered early in this century. Saccheri points out that the proofs of the st ...
... forerunner of the non-euclidean geometries. But he also wrote a treatise on logic: Logica Demonstrativa, first printed in 16921. This is a marvellous book that seems to have exerted absolutely no influence until it was rediscovered early in this century. Saccheri points out that the proofs of the st ...
Notes here - Raymond Williams Foundation
... 1. Everyone comes to belief with a cognitive structure that cannot be set aside. 2. Our cognitive structure serves as a lens through which we view the world. Because of this, knowledge is said to be perspectival or a product of our perspective. 3. Since the evaluation of our beliefs is based on our ...
... 1. Everyone comes to belief with a cognitive structure that cannot be set aside. 2. Our cognitive structure serves as a lens through which we view the world. Because of this, knowledge is said to be perspectival or a product of our perspective. 3. Since the evaluation of our beliefs is based on our ...
Philosophy: The Passion to Understand
... Reality, knowledge, and value exist independent of the human mind Aristotle…one can acquire knowledge of ideas or forms by investigating matter John Locke…distinguished between sense data and the objects they represent Alfred North Whitehead…attempted to reconcile aspects of idealism and realism… “p ...
... Reality, knowledge, and value exist independent of the human mind Aristotle…one can acquire knowledge of ideas or forms by investigating matter John Locke…distinguished between sense data and the objects they represent Alfred North Whitehead…attempted to reconcile aspects of idealism and realism… “p ...
Lesson Plan: Empiricism
... This example, however, also shows a correct and logically necessary conclusion but it is obviously false as we know from observation. This shows that pure reasoning (in logic or mathematics) can lead to wrong conclusions about reality. What is needed is the verification through sense observation. Th ...
... This example, however, also shows a correct and logically necessary conclusion but it is obviously false as we know from observation. This shows that pure reasoning (in logic or mathematics) can lead to wrong conclusions about reality. What is needed is the verification through sense observation. Th ...
Descartes’ Skeptical Observations
... a clearer light, that truth which was before shared between the vulgar and the philosophers: the former [holding] that those things they immediately perceive are the real things; and the latter that the things immediately perceived, are ideas which exist only in the mind. Which two notions put toget ...
... a clearer light, that truth which was before shared between the vulgar and the philosophers: the former [holding] that those things they immediately perceive are the real things; and the latter that the things immediately perceived, are ideas which exist only in the mind. Which two notions put toget ...
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON BA EXAMINATION 2011 PHILOSOPHY
... Answer THREE questions, at least ONE from EACH section. Candidates taking optional paper (n) Philosophy of Kant may NOT attempt question 23, marked with an asterisk. Avoid overlap in your answers. SECTION A 1. ‘If murder is wrong, two murders are worse than one; so if A, by murdering B, can prevent ...
... Answer THREE questions, at least ONE from EACH section. Candidates taking optional paper (n) Philosophy of Kant may NOT attempt question 23, marked with an asterisk. Avoid overlap in your answers. SECTION A 1. ‘If murder is wrong, two murders are worse than one; so if A, by murdering B, can prevent ...
8. Handout on Plato`s Theory of Forms - Elly Pirocacos
... The world of sensory objects, as indicated above, is called the World of Appearance, and the world of Forms is called the World of Ideas/Forms. In response to Parmenides, Plato must have found it difficult to disagree that (ii) knowledge is of what is (especially in the Parmenides and the Sophist) a ...
... The world of sensory objects, as indicated above, is called the World of Appearance, and the world of Forms is called the World of Ideas/Forms. In response to Parmenides, Plato must have found it difficult to disagree that (ii) knowledge is of what is (especially in the Parmenides and the Sophist) a ...
Allegory of the Cave
... the hands of Philosophers. • The Republic describes Plato’s ideal state (a small elite should rule, trained in philosophy, devoting their lives to the citizens’ happiness, living without property or families. ...
... the hands of Philosophers. • The Republic describes Plato’s ideal state (a small elite should rule, trained in philosophy, devoting their lives to the citizens’ happiness, living without property or families. ...
Introduction to Philosophy Test #2 Study Sheet Test: June 23, 2010
... passage and show how what is said relates to this context and why what is said is important. Your explanations should be at least 3 times longer than the passage itself. 1. ‘Suppose a person, though endowed with the strongest faculties of reason and reflection, to be brought on a sudden into this wo ...
... passage and show how what is said relates to this context and why what is said is important. Your explanations should be at least 3 times longer than the passage itself. 1. ‘Suppose a person, though endowed with the strongest faculties of reason and reflection, to be brought on a sudden into this wo ...
Intro PowerPoint for Metaphysics
... Metaphysics: study of questions about the world left unanswered by the natural sciences, such as those regarding First Causes; Laws of the Universe; Mind/Body; Freedom/Determinism. First used by Aristotle who wrote first his Physics (concerning the physical world) and the Metaphysics (beyond the ...
... Metaphysics: study of questions about the world left unanswered by the natural sciences, such as those regarding First Causes; Laws of the Universe; Mind/Body; Freedom/Determinism. First used by Aristotle who wrote first his Physics (concerning the physical world) and the Metaphysics (beyond the ...
Doctrine of Forms
... A. In the Republic it is assumed that whenever a plurality of individuals have a common name, they have also a corresponding idea or form. This is the universal, the common nature or quality, which is grasped in the concept (ex: beauty). There are many beautiful things, but we form one universal con ...
... A. In the Republic it is assumed that whenever a plurality of individuals have a common name, they have also a corresponding idea or form. This is the universal, the common nature or quality, which is grasped in the concept (ex: beauty). There are many beautiful things, but we form one universal con ...
Advances in Environmental Biology Mohammad Rezaei Afkham
... gained and by what means, how they are real and how much they are compatible with reality. And it is obvious that since the ancient time, solving these problems was done through five senses that is by physics and some of the actions are abstract and non-physical. It is seen that some of the scholars ...
... gained and by what means, how they are real and how much they are compatible with reality. And it is obvious that since the ancient time, solving these problems was done through five senses that is by physics and some of the actions are abstract and non-physical. It is seen that some of the scholars ...
KANT - ARISTOTLE lecture
... This lecture is meant to provide you with a little background to better understand the ethical theories of Aristotle and Kant, which turn out to be much closer to each other than the differences in their scientific and philosophic views might lead you to believe. ...
... This lecture is meant to provide you with a little background to better understand the ethical theories of Aristotle and Kant, which turn out to be much closer to each other than the differences in their scientific and philosophic views might lead you to believe. ...
1 Philosophy of New Times. Rationalism and empiricism
... conclusion reached a priori and not through an inference from experience. This was, for Descartes, an irrefutable principle upon which to ground all forms of other knowledge. Descartes posited a metaphysical dualism, distinguishing between the substances of the human body ("res extensa") and the min ...
... conclusion reached a priori and not through an inference from experience. This was, for Descartes, an irrefutable principle upon which to ground all forms of other knowledge. Descartes posited a metaphysical dualism, distinguishing between the substances of the human body ("res extensa") and the min ...
Rationalist Epistemology
... that arete is a kind of knowledge, and vice a kind of ignorance. It is a paradox (an odd or unusual claim) because people usually think a person can know the good and still fail to do it. That is, people usually think that arete is more than a matter of knowing; it is, people think, also a matter of ...
... that arete is a kind of knowledge, and vice a kind of ignorance. It is a paradox (an odd or unusual claim) because people usually think a person can know the good and still fail to do it. That is, people usually think that arete is more than a matter of knowing; it is, people think, also a matter of ...
Categorical imperatives - Philosophy 1510 All Sections
... The Kingdom of Ends Kant believed that as conscious, rational creatures, we each possess intrinsic worth, a special moral dignity that always deserves respect. In other words, we are more than mere objects to be used to further this or that end. Kant formulates the categorical imperative around the ...
... The Kingdom of Ends Kant believed that as conscious, rational creatures, we each possess intrinsic worth, a special moral dignity that always deserves respect. In other words, we are more than mere objects to be used to further this or that end. Kant formulates the categorical imperative around the ...
Name: PHI ISL – Introduction to Philosophy Ancient Philosophy
... be perceived only by the intellect. Thus a thing perceived to be beautiful in this world is in fact an imperfect manifestation of the Form of Beauty. Aristotle's arguments against this theory were numerous. Ultimately he rejected Plato's ideas as poetic but empty language; as a scientist and empiric ...
... be perceived only by the intellect. Thus a thing perceived to be beautiful in this world is in fact an imperfect manifestation of the Form of Beauty. Aristotle's arguments against this theory were numerous. Ultimately he rejected Plato's ideas as poetic but empty language; as a scientist and empiric ...
continental rationalism and British empiricism
... a clearer light, that truth which was before shared between the vulgar and the philosophers: the former [holding] that those things they immediately perceive are the real things; and the latter that the things immediately perceived, are ideas which exist only in the mind. Which two notions put toget ...
... a clearer light, that truth which was before shared between the vulgar and the philosophers: the former [holding] that those things they immediately perceive are the real things; and the latter that the things immediately perceived, are ideas which exist only in the mind. Which two notions put toget ...
Socratic Method
... everything else can be reduced. To explain how solid objects are formed from air, he introduced the notions of condensation and rarefaction. These processes, he claimed, make air, in itself invisible, visible as water, fire, and solid matter. He thought that air becomes warmer and turns to fire when ...
... everything else can be reduced. To explain how solid objects are formed from air, he introduced the notions of condensation and rarefaction. These processes, he claimed, make air, in itself invisible, visible as water, fire, and solid matter. He thought that air becomes warmer and turns to fire when ...
N 3. The philosophy of the Antique Greece
... everything else can be reduced. To explain how solid objects are formed from air, he introduced the notions of condensation and rarefaction. These processes, he claimed, make air, in itself invisible, visible as water, fire, and solid matter. He thought that air becomes warmer and turns to fire when ...
... everything else can be reduced. To explain how solid objects are formed from air, he introduced the notions of condensation and rarefaction. These processes, he claimed, make air, in itself invisible, visible as water, fire, and solid matter. He thought that air becomes warmer and turns to fire when ...
HON 280 -- LECTURE NINE (Ptolemy to copernicus) THE
... 2. So they retreated to Syria and Persia and that's where the remaining Aristotelian texts went, along with others. We'll come back to this. III. One way of understanding medieval philosophy and natural philosophy is by thinking of it as a pendulum recurrently swinging back and forth between Plato ...
... 2. So they retreated to Syria and Persia and that's where the remaining Aristotelian texts went, along with others. We'll come back to this. III. One way of understanding medieval philosophy and natural philosophy is by thinking of it as a pendulum recurrently swinging back and forth between Plato ...
Explain Kant`s understanding of Universal Maxims (33)
... This idea means that all situations are considered before they even occur, thus ensuring that many possible risks or bad outcomes from the actions are possibly removed prior to the event happening. Kant’s theory is related to the motives of events or actions, unlike many theories that only look at t ...
... This idea means that all situations are considered before they even occur, thus ensuring that many possible risks or bad outcomes from the actions are possibly removed prior to the event happening. Kant’s theory is related to the motives of events or actions, unlike many theories that only look at t ...
Foundations Of Rel... - The Ecclesbourne School Online
... • For Plato the body is physical and therefore has extension, i.e. it is located in space, whereas the self is that which thinks, and it has no extension. He thought of the self as a thinking being, and therefore distinct ...
... • For Plato the body is physical and therefore has extension, i.e. it is located in space, whereas the self is that which thinks, and it has no extension. He thought of the self as a thinking being, and therefore distinct ...
Mike Maxim
... rationalism came under attack by the British Empiricists for lacking the ability to connect knowledge with experience or reality. The empiricists, led by Hume, claimed the opposite of what the rationalists did. They held that all knowledge was a direct result of experience, and that no innate ideas ...
... rationalism came under attack by the British Empiricists for lacking the ability to connect knowledge with experience or reality. The empiricists, led by Hume, claimed the opposite of what the rationalists did. They held that all knowledge was a direct result of experience, and that no innate ideas ...