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Lecture #1: Basic Op-Amp
Lecture #1: Basic Op-Amp

1A Step-Down Voltage Regulator
1A Step-Down Voltage Regulator



Lab 1 - UTeM
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... flow through R2 . 3. Increase Vin by 1 V. Measure and record the current flow through R2 . 4. Repeat Step 3 until Vin = 10 V. (Write down your measurement in a table). 5. Calculate the expected current flow through R2 for all the input voltages, Vin in Step 4 . (use the expected resistance value of ...
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... VAC terminal strip. The low voltage ER UV power supply should be mounted inside of the control panel such that the power leads can be connected to the 24 VAC transformer or terminal strip and the remote lamp lead can be easily fed to the UV lamp. Use the supplied red wire splices and self-taping she ...
Collector-Injection Modulator
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... modulating signal) to vary the instantaneous plate voltage and current. These variations cause modulation of the carrier frequency. The carrier frequency is introduced through coupling capacitor Cc. The modulating frequency is introduced in series with the control grid bias through T1. As the modula ...
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... A high common-mode difference amplifier, in a feedback loop with an inverting op amp, is a useful aid for performing high-voltage differential measurements up to 500 V. Two common solutions to monitor power-line voltages or other large signals—using low-voltage electronics—involve a highresistance v ...
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... current of the LED you choose (check the datasheet for your LED). In this case, simply connect as below: ...
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EA5210: POWER ELECTRONICS DIT UNIVERSITY, DEHRA DUN
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20 V, 1.0 A Schottky Rectifier

... Since current flow in a Schottky rectifier is the result of majority carrier conduction, it is not subject to junction diode forward and reverse recovery transients due to minority carrier injection and stored charge. Satisfactory circuit analysis work may be performed by using a model consisting of ...
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... bright yellow LED lamp indicate the system’s status at all times thus allowing a rapid check of the system’s performance without requiring any additional test equipment. The PIR-3 has an integrated circuit that checks each incoming pulse for its duration. If the incoming pulse is less than 20 millis ...
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... voltage regulator is stable with output capacitors as small as 3.3μF. Small ceramic capacitors can be used without the series resistance required by many other regulators. Internal protection circuitry includes reverse battery protection, current limiting and reverse current protection. The TLS205B0 ...
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... There are two general methods to generate white light with LEDs. The first is by the use of phosphors together with a short-wavelength LED, resulting in a broadband radiation spectrum, referred to as a phosphor-converted white LED, or PC white LED [2-5]. The second method is to utilize mixed light f ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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