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Power Systems Power Systems
Power Systems Power Systems

Installation Manual
Installation Manual

... workmanship when they have been installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and have not been modified or tampered with. IEI does not assume any responsibility for damage or injury to person or property due to improper care, storage, handling, abuse, misuse, normal wear and tear, or ...
Power-generation, Power-electronics and Power
Power-generation, Power-electronics and Power

... A PV-module inverter has been designed and constructed. In Paper C the implementation of hysteresis current control and the issue of a combined unipolar and bipolar voltage output modulation are discussed. Some simulations and measurements are also presented. In Paper D the total design and perform ...
Sample Question Paper for 9210-114 Graduate Diploma in Electrical Engineering
Sample Question Paper for 9210-114 Graduate Diploma in Electrical Engineering

Wiener MPOD information (pdf)
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... A fast an easy way to begin using SNMP is to use command line arguments. The command line arguments specified in this document are based on the netSNMP, an open source library for SNMP support. The command line syntax is the same for both windows and Linux (and probably MAC OSX). In order to perform ...
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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
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Properly protecting LED light strings keeps them working
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... brightness as well as a more uniform LED to LED brightness. The constant current source has a maximum (open circuit) output voltage called the “compliance voltage”. Open LED Protection Vibration, heat or aging may cause an LED wire-bond to fail. A single LED failure can cause an entire string to no ...
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... In the standard implementation, the input voltage, Vin, is applied to the VIN pin of the integrated circuit (IC) and to the inductor. The IC turns on its internal MOSFET, Q1, and current starts to flow from Vin through L1, the SW pin of the IC, Q1, and an internal sense resistor. The control portion ...
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... the feedback current. However, the feedback current may have a 100 Hz component due to a negativesequence component of the grid power supply due to unbalance. Therefore, a low pass filter is required to get the dc value of the feedback current [5]. This low-pass filter causes slow dynamic performanc ...
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... Our ML range offer two ways to operate our range of magnetic latching contactors: 1) The ML52 is a sequential four terminal device. When power is first applied to the input it will generate a positive pulse at supply voltage of 0.25 seconds duration, long enough to set any of our magnetic Latch cont ...
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... consisting of four DC coupled, master−slave flip−flops which are internally interconnected to provide a divide−by−two and a divide−by−five counter. This device is fully programmable; that is, the outputs may be preset to any state by placing a low on the count/load input and entering the desired dat ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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