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IRIS POWER Volume 1, Issue 1 February 2006
IRIS POWER Volume 1, Issue 1 February 2006

... the presence of inverter voltage impulses. Qualification and Testing of Stator Insulation Systems for Inverter Duty Motors Probably the most important new technical specification concerning machine insulation systems to be developed in the past 20 years is IEC 60034 Part 18 - 41: Rotating Electrical ...
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... • Capacitance between copper and aluminum base is typically 50pF per cm2 • With a non-isolated driver, this capacitance can contribute to touch current (earth leakage current) • The capacitance provides an unintentional path for EMI and there may be additional resonances with the output wiring induc ...
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... a hint. But try not to do this unless you absolutely have to. ) After you have obtained a working simulation, play around with some of the system parameters (e.g., ADC resolution, sampling frequency, and encoder resolution) to see what effects they have on the performance of the speed loop. Dave Wi ...
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... where the decay rate ε is simply 2 ∆fS . The maximum bunch length, which is delayed by one quarter of a synchrotron period, grows exponentially at the same rate. In a proton machine, where the synchronous phase ψS is equal to π, a simple change in rf voltage can be used to effect the increment in sy ...
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... In the PLL ENABLE MODE the PLL is switched on but the power amplifier is turned off to avoid undesired power radiation during the time the PLL needs to settle. The turn on time of the PLL is determined mainly by the turn on time of the crystal oscillator and is typically less than 1 msec, depending ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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