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Aalborg Universitet Remus; Huang, Lipei
Aalborg Universitet Remus; Huang, Lipei

AB-19 CASCODE AMPLIFIER ANALOG LAB - Hik
AB-19 CASCODE AMPLIFIER ANALOG LAB - Hik

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... computer. You can repeat this procedure until you have the total number of samples that you want. The USB-1408FS can attain throughput rates up to 250 S/s using a software loop. This rate is systemdependent. ...
SpectrAlert Selectable Output Series Wall Speaker/Strobes for Fire
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... to the last device, it is necessary to consider the voltage drop due to the resistance of the wire. The thicker the wire, the less the voltage drop. Generally, for purposes of determining the wire size necessary for the system, it is best to consider all of the devices as “lumped” on the end of the ...
ISL45042A - Intersil
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... determines the lowest voltage of the external voltage divider R1 and R2 (see Figure 1). The voltage difference between the VOUT pin and ISET pin (see Figure 5) has to be greater than 1.75V. This will keep the output MOS transistor in the saturation region. Expected current settings and 7-bit accurac ...
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Design and Implement Harmonics Injection Source for Voltage

... with the harmonic distortion requirement and investigating flawed design. Monitoring and measurement of the harmonics is necessarily considered in the power system operation. According to IEEE Standard 519 [4], the harmonic measurement should be taken up to 50th harmonics. However, it is required 10 ...
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Manual - Tone King Amplifier Company

... The effects loop is a tube-buffered series loop. It is designed to be used with either standard footpedals or rack mount effects. The front panel “FX Bypass” switch can be used to bypass the loop, and should be set in the Bypass position if you are not using the loop. The “Send” jack should be conne ...
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... wireless and condenser microphones, and “hot” line level signals. The XLR inputs of the MixPre-D are transformer-balanced. The isolation characteristics of transformers are superior to other balancing techniques and are ideal for the hostile and uncontrolled environments of field production. Transfo ...
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... Reverse current is normally small and can be neglected. They result from movement of minority carriers. But if applied voltage is bigger than the breakdown voltage, the current will increase drastically. The high reverse biased voltage, imparts energy to the free minority electrons so that they s ...
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... restorer is implemented in the chip to break the DC path from the shaper to the discriminator. DC offsets or low-frequency noise cannot reach the discriminator inputs. Though two discriminators are available in the ASDBLR, only the ‘tracking discriminator’ is used for our application. This is time-o ...
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... ability to detect rapid changes in the sensed current, as well as the ability to quickly slew the output, make the INA181 a good choice for applications that require a quick response to input current changes. One application that requires high bandwidth and slew rate is low-side motor control, where ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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