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ORIGINATION FORM
ORIGINATION FORM

... fully regenerated and regulated, conditioned, True Sine Wave power and hot standby AC output, and have a minimum operating efficiency of 90%. Ensure the UPS is listed to the requirements of UL 1778. Upstream back-feed voltage from the UPS must be less than 1 VAC. 685-2.2.5 Traffic Signal UPS Cabinet ...
Manual MultiPlus Compact 12 | 2000 | 80-50 120V
Manual MultiPlus Compact 12 | 2000 | 80-50 120V

... In the event of a grid failure, or shore or generator power being disconnected, the inverter within the Multi Compact is automatically activated and takes over supply to the connected loads. This happens so fast (less than 20 milliseconds) that computers and other electronic equipment will continue ...
PCM DECODING PCM DECODING
PCM DECODING PCM DECODING

... Q1 in the present experiment a ‘stolen’ clock signal was used. Why would transmission of the PCM signal via a bandlimited channel necessitate phase adjustment of this stolen clock signal to the PCM DECODER ? Q2 sketch the waveforms at the output Vout from the decoder, for the 4-bit and the 7-bit lin ...
20 - COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Virtual
20 - COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Virtual

...  We know that small changes in the base current circuit cause large changes in collector current circuit.  The small ac voltage causes the base current to increase and decrease accordingly and with the small change in base current ,the collector current will mimic the input only with greater ampli ...
a CMOS 3 V/5 V, Wide Bandwidth Quad 2:1 ADG784
a CMOS 3 V/5 V, Wide Bandwidth Quad 2:1 ADG784

... The on-resistance profile is very flat over the full analog input range ensuring excellent linearity and low distortion when switching audio signals. Fast switching speed, coupled with high signal bandwidth, also makes the parts suitable for video signal switching. CMOS construction ensures ultralow ...
ICS844031-01.pdf
ICS844031-01.pdf

IDEAL SWITCH
IDEAL SWITCH

... The thyristor device turns on when the anode-cathode Vak voltage is greater than Vf and a positive pulse signal is applied at the gate input (g > 0). The pulse height must be greater than 0 and last long enough to allow the thyristor anode current to become larger than the latching current Il. The t ...
MAX4927 1000 Base-T, ±15kV ESD Protection LAN Switch General Description Features
MAX4927 1000 Base-T, ±15kV ESD Protection LAN Switch General Description Features

... Figure 5a shows the Human Body Model. Figure 5b shows the current waveform it generates when discharged into a low impedance. This model consists of a 100pF capacitor charged to the ESD voltage of interest, which is then discharged into the test device through 1.5kΩ resistor. IEC 61000-4-2 The IEC 6 ...
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J. Burkhart, R. Korsunsky, and D.J. Perreault, “Design Methodology for a Very High Frequency Resonant Boost Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics , Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 1929-1937, April 2013.
J. Burkhart, R. Korsunsky, and D.J. Perreault, “Design Methodology for a Very High Frequency Resonant Boost Converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics , Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 1929-1937, April 2013.

... opened, the drain-to-source voltage of the switch will naturally ring up and then back to zero half of a switching period later. The converter is designed to operate with fixed switching frequency and duty cycle. This makes available the use of highly efficient resonant gate drivers when desired. Wh ...
MAX5091 28V, 100mA, Low-Quiescent-Current LDO with Reset and Power-Fail Input/Output General Description
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... The MAX5091 high-voltage, LDO regulator operates from +5V to +28V input voltage. The device withstands up to 40V transients, providing protection against temporary overvoltage conditions like load dump. The MAX5091 incorporates internal feedback resistors for factory-preset voltages of either +5V (M ...
Y. Hu, L. Huang, W. Rieutort-Louis, J. Sanz-Robinson, J.C. Sturm, S. Wagner, N. Verma, "A Self-Powered System for Large-Scale Strain Sensing by Combining CMOS ICs with Large-Area Electronics", J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol 49, pp. 838-840 (APR 2014).
Y. Hu, L. Huang, W. Rieutort-Louis, J. Sanz-Robinson, J.C. Sturm, S. Wagner, N. Verma, "A Self-Powered System for Large-Scale Strain Sensing by Combining CMOS ICs with Large-Area Electronics", J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol 49, pp. 838-840 (APR 2014).

... and the availability of only NMOS devices, necessitates complex synchronization control circuits, which limit both the achievable output power and efficiency. Further, the use of TFTs as switches limits the frequency to well below the TFT ( 1 MHz), forcing the use of capacitive coupling to the IC si ...
Frequently Asked Questions About Our Cooling And
Frequently Asked Questions About Our Cooling And

... are suitable for commonly-available DC power supplies. Thus the most common TE devices now in use—connecting 254 alternating P and N-type pellets—can run from a 12 to 16 VDC supply and draw only 4 to 5 amps (rather than 1270 amps at 60 mV, for example). Of course, in fabricating devices with multi-p ...
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... Voltage is proportional to the magnetic flux in the power system element. Most of the Power System elements are reactive in nature. They absorb / generate reactive power depending on system loading conditions. The balance in reactive power availability and requirement at a node indicates steady volt ...
Fence Detection and Control
Fence Detection and Control

... These two methods quite often become the argument from the various energiser suppliers as to why the system that they prefer or use is superior. In fact these two methods are rather complimentary to one another than supplementary as their individual pros and cons combined allow for a better detectio ...
ISL78365 Data Short
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... threshold and color DAC output values to control the projector brightness or provide simple Automatic Power Calibration (APC) for laser based systems. Pixel data information is transferred through the LDD's high speed 10-bit parallel video interface. There are two parallel interface modes to allow t ...
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331,
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331,

... Abstract : Renewable energy sources like solar and fuel cells are emerging as a promising supplementary power sources due to their merits of cleanness, high efficiency, and high reliability. But the output levels of these are low. An isolated bidirectional full-bridge dc–dc converter can be used for ...
E2V Technologies CX1725A, CX1725AX Air Cooled, Hollow Anode
E2V Technologies CX1725A, CX1725AX Air Cooled, Hollow Anode

... Care should be taken to ensure that excessive voltages are not applied to the reservoir heater circuit from the cathode heater supply because of high impedance cathode heater connections. For example, in the worst case, an open circuit heater lead will impress almost double voltage on the reservoir ...
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... computational complexity of the algorithm. Since a fixed coding scheme is used to code the decision variables, variable bounds must be such that they bracket the optimum variable values. Since in many problems this information is not usually known a priori, this may cause some difficulty in using bi ...
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General Description Features

... exceeding the programmed 42A and 45A slow and fast current-limit fault thresholds, respectively. The EV kit circuit also ensures that the output voltage is stable within the undervoltage (UV) and overvoltage (OV) thresholds, which are configured to 9V and 15V, respectively. The EV kit provides CSOUT ...
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... The MAX8568A evaluation kit (EV kit) is a fully assembled and tested circuit board that evaluates the MAX8568A and MAX8568B complete backup-management ICs for lithium and NiMH batteries. The MAX8568A EV kit can charge both NiMH and rechargeable lithium battery types; the EV kit default setting is fo ...
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... line loss may be reduced. The inductive current supplier is the capacitor. Hence the connecting capacitor at the load end to supply the reactive current and reactive (Q or VAR) power is essential in the distribution system. The next problem is the location and size of the capacitor for the system wh ...
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... A constant current driver is normally used to accurately control brightness and color of a LED.. A Constant Current driver regulates the current through the LED independently of external factors, such as variations in LED forward voltage (Vf), power supply drift, etc. Once a current value is selecte ...
Maxim Design Support Technical Documents Application Notes
Maxim Design Support Technical Documents Application Notes

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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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