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(LDC) Form B
(LDC) Form B

... & X ohms h) Low voltage winding connection: (delta, star) i) Grounding method of star connected low voltage winding neutral: NOTE: The term ‘High Voltage’ refers to the intermediate voltage that is input to the interface step-up transformer and the ‘Low Voltage’ refers to the generation voltage. Hyd ...
AN1650/D Using Wire OR Ties in ECLinPS™ Designs
AN1650/D Using Wire OR Ties in ECLinPS™ Designs

MAX5363/MAX5364/MAX5365 Low-Cost, Low-Power, 6-Bit DACs with 3-Wire Serial Interface in SOT23 General Description
MAX5363/MAX5364/MAX5365 Low-Cost, Low-Power, 6-Bit DACs with 3-Wire Serial Interface in SOT23 General Description

... up to 10MHz. The MAX5363 has an internal +2V reference and operates from a +2.7V to +3.6V supply. The MAX5364 has an internal +4V reference and operates from a +4.5V to +5.5V supply. The MAX5365 operates over the full +2.7 to +5.5V supply range and has an internal reference equal to 0.9 ✕ VDD. The M ...
Local Distribution Company (LDC) Form B
Local Distribution Company (LDC) Form B

... & X ohms h) Low voltage winding connection: (delta, star) i) Grounding method of star connected low voltage winding neutral: NOTE: The term ‘High Voltage’ refers to the intermediate voltage that is input to the interface step-up transformer and the ‘Low Voltage’ refers to the generation voltage. Hyd ...
Signal-to-Noise Performance of Two Analog Photonic Links Using
Signal-to-Noise Performance of Two Analog Photonic Links Using

... between 6 and 12 GHz, which we measured using an Agilent N8975A Noise Figure Analyzer. At 6 GHz the measured gain was > 24.2 dB, which rolled off to a gain of just over 17.0 dB at 12 GHz due to the frequency responses of the modulator and balanced photodetectors. Because the balanced photodetector ...
MAX951-954 DS
MAX951-954 DS

Local Distribution Company (LDC) Form B
Local Distribution Company (LDC) Form B

AN109 - Interfacing RF I/Q Modulators with Popular D/A Converters
AN109 - Interfacing RF I/Q Modulators with Popular D/A Converters

Chap05--Amplitude Mo..
Chap05--Amplitude Mo..

...  AM modulation index is defined by ma = Em/Ec. Hence, the AM signal can be written for sinusoidal modulation as e(t) = Ec(1+ ma cos2pfmt) cos2pfct.  A convenient way to measure the AM index is to use an oscilloscope: simply display the AM waveform as in Figure 5-4, and measure the maximum excursio ...
EEE-PP-005 - 2835
EEE-PP-005 - 2835

Minimizing Distortion in Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
Minimizing Distortion in Operational Transconductance Amplifiers

... • Dual OTA compensation with buffer Before analyzing the various distortion cancellation schemes, it will be useful to look at the uncompensated circuit to understand its limitations. Although the heart of the OTA is just two transistors, other support circuitry is required to generate the control c ...
TX600 FM Broadcast Transmitter
TX600 FM Broadcast Transmitter

... control system if enabled. Digital PWM techniques provide an easily adjustable and accurate automatic level controlled R.F. output of the MOS-FET power amplifier stage. RF, audio and other parameters are shown on the LCD graphics display. This display offers a very easy method of transmitter paramet ...
Section P Index
Section P Index

... contacts at a very high rate of speed. This was necessary because the switches were tested on DC which has a steady-state voltage. With the introduction of AC only general use switches, it was unnecessary to have the high-powered, over-center, snap-acting mechanisms because the contacts did not have ...
FSA806 — USB2.0 High-Speed (480Mbps), UART, and Audio
FSA806 — USB2.0 High-Speed (480Mbps), UART, and Audio

Minutes of CMS FED Design Meeting Wednesday November 6th 2002
Minutes of CMS FED Design Meeting Wednesday November 6th 2002

... Query: Should we have Vprecharge pins separate from other 5V supply pins? No. We need all 5V pins available. Note 5VSUP is behind fuse. Query: What happens if board is partially in with only Precharge contact. Does full 5V board supply get drawn through precharge pins? No it just powers up buffers a ...
HIF & LIF ARC FAULT DETECTOR POINT SENSOR MODULE SAMI MAHAMOUD
HIF & LIF ARC FAULT DETECTOR POINT SENSOR MODULE SAMI MAHAMOUD

Piezo Buzzer
Piezo Buzzer

Simple Analog Signal Chaotic Masking and Recovery
Simple Analog Signal Chaotic Masking and Recovery

... evolution equations will diverge wildly soon after T0. This behavior normally doesn’t happen in linear systems (or every nonlinear one). If two points in a linear system start very close together and share ...
MAX8563/MAX8564/MAX8564A ±1%, Ultra-Low Output Voltage, Dual and Triple Linear n-FET Controllers General Description
MAX8563/MAX8564/MAX8564A ±1%, Ultra-Low Output Voltage, Dual and Triple Linear n-FET Controllers General Description

... The maximum input voltage to the drain of the n-MOSFET is a function of the breakdown voltage and the thermal conditions during operation. The breakdown voltage from drain to source is normally provided in the MOSFET data sheet. The theoretical maximum input voltage is the set output voltage plus th ...
Partial Shading Detection and Smooth Maximum Power Point
Partial Shading Detection and Smooth Maximum Power Point

... module, permitting compatible current in the series path of a PV string. The CCT output current can be regulated using a dependent current source according to the MPPT algorithm. Although accuracy of these methods is high and they decrease the effect of PS on the array power, their implementation is ...
TPS312x Series Supervisory Circuits in Ultra
TPS312x Series Supervisory Circuits in Ultra

... Figure 2 describes the characteristics of the supply voltage of a system. After the main voltage or the battery is turned on, the supply voltage rises. The internal resistance of the transformer and rectifier and any current-limiting elements in the voltage regulator determine the rate of this rise. ...
UC2714 数据资料 dataSheet 下载
UC2714 数据资料 dataSheet 下载

... These two families of high speed drivers are designed to provide drive waveforms for complementary switches. Complementary switch configurations are commonly used in synchronous rectification circuits and active clamp/reset circuits, which can provide zero voltage switching. In order to facilitate t ...
Si2318DS
Si2318DS

... planar copper to draw heat from the drain lead and start the process of spreading the heat so it can be dissipated into the ...
Simplifying Synchronous Rectification in Flyback
Simplifying Synchronous Rectification in Flyback

... IGBTs are available as single discrete IGBT device or co-packaged with an Infineon ultra-fast “Rapid” silicon diode. In each case the two variants H5 HighSpeed and F5 HighSpeed FAST can be supplied depending on whether optimized switching speed or highest possible efficiency is the overriding design ...
PAM8603A
PAM8603A

... Analog Refernce Bypass Capacitor (CBYP) is the most critical capacitor and serves several important functions. During start-up or recovery from shutdown mode, CBYP determines the rate at which the amplifier starts up. The second function is to reduce noise produced by the power supply caused by coup ...
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Pulse-width modulation



Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being MPPT.The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load.The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. Typically switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies.The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel.
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