References
... adoptive litter size, which is a significant covariate for provisioning and solicitation as ...
... adoptive litter size, which is a significant covariate for provisioning and solicitation as ...
Chapter 12 Patterns of Inheritance
... and female sexual organs are enclosed within each pea flower (see figure 12.3), and gametes produced by the male and female parts of the same flower can fuse to form viable offspring, a process termed self-fertilization. This self-fertilization takes place automatically within an individual flower ...
... and female sexual organs are enclosed within each pea flower (see figure 12.3), and gametes produced by the male and female parts of the same flower can fuse to form viable offspring, a process termed self-fertilization. This self-fertilization takes place automatically within an individual flower ...
Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium and the Foundations of Evolutionary
... happens genetically from one generation to the next is the transition from zygotes of generation t + 1 to breeding adults of generation t + 1. We assume that any differences in viability (survivorship) among individuals are unrelated to their A locus genotypes. Consequently, on average, we expect in ...
... happens genetically from one generation to the next is the transition from zygotes of generation t + 1 to breeding adults of generation t + 1. We assume that any differences in viability (survivorship) among individuals are unrelated to their A locus genotypes. Consequently, on average, we expect in ...
Genetic Crosses
... Four alleles allows for 16 possible combinations of alleles. (16 box Punnett square) Four combinations of alleles can be determined by using the “foil” method of distribution. YyTt First pair of alleles = YT (dominant ) Outer pair of alleles = Yt (heterozygous) Inner pair of alleles = yT (hete ...
... Four alleles allows for 16 possible combinations of alleles. (16 box Punnett square) Four combinations of alleles can be determined by using the “foil” method of distribution. YyTt First pair of alleles = YT (dominant ) Outer pair of alleles = Yt (heterozygous) Inner pair of alleles = yT (hete ...
population genetics - E-Learning/An
... influence the phenotype of the individual that inherits them. In other words, it is due to genetic variation. Geneticists also use the term polymorphic to describe a gene that commonly exists as two or more alleles in a population. By comparison, a monomorphic gene exists predominantly as a single a ...
... influence the phenotype of the individual that inherits them. In other words, it is due to genetic variation. Geneticists also use the term polymorphic to describe a gene that commonly exists as two or more alleles in a population. By comparison, a monomorphic gene exists predominantly as a single a ...
Epigenetic and genetic factors affect transgene
... phenotypes produced by Fi females is 1:1. In order to account for the segregation of these phenotypes from diploid Fi ova, the expression of this locus must either be subject to allelic exclusion (if expression begins prior to meiosis in the oocyte) or expression must not begin until the completion ...
... phenotypes produced by Fi females is 1:1. In order to account for the segregation of these phenotypes from diploid Fi ova, the expression of this locus must either be subject to allelic exclusion (if expression begins prior to meiosis in the oocyte) or expression must not begin until the completion ...
Relatedness in the post-genomic era: is it still
... levels of relatedness. We used a Type B simulation (see Supplementary information S1 (box)). From the current generation, we drew 4 samples of 1,250 individuals, first with no filtering so that siblings were included, followed by filtering to exclude close relatives (the x axis labels indicate the ...
... levels of relatedness. We used a Type B simulation (see Supplementary information S1 (box)). From the current generation, we drew 4 samples of 1,250 individuals, first with no filtering so that siblings were included, followed by filtering to exclude close relatives (the x axis labels indicate the ...
Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group
... However, group selection has already been incorporated into social evolution theory, and is found to be exactly equivalent to kin selection: the two approaches are simply different ways of describing the same evolutionary process and both lead to the prediction that individuals should maximize their ...
... However, group selection has already been incorporated into social evolution theory, and is found to be exactly equivalent to kin selection: the two approaches are simply different ways of describing the same evolutionary process and both lead to the prediction that individuals should maximize their ...
Capturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation
... However, group selection has already been incorporated into social evolution theory, and is found to be exactly equivalent to kin selection: the two approaches are simply different ways of describing the same evolutionary process and both lead to the prediction that individuals should maximize their ...
... However, group selection has already been incorporated into social evolution theory, and is found to be exactly equivalent to kin selection: the two approaches are simply different ways of describing the same evolutionary process and both lead to the prediction that individuals should maximize their ...
2 How to measure genetic variation
... (1995) suggested that the ratio Ne/N in natural populations would typically be in the order of 0.1. Large portions of the genome of any organism are selectively neutral, or at least nearly so at any given point in time. It may thus be argued that genetic variation is irrelevant for population surviv ...
... (1995) suggested that the ratio Ne/N in natural populations would typically be in the order of 0.1. Large portions of the genome of any organism are selectively neutral, or at least nearly so at any given point in time. It may thus be argued that genetic variation is irrelevant for population surviv ...
Name: Period - WordPress.com
... level, evolution is a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over a period of time. Breeders of rabbits have long been familiar with a variety of genetic traits that affect the fitness of rabbits in the wild and in breeding populations. One such trait is that of furless rabbits, also cal ...
... level, evolution is a change in the frequency of alleles in a population over a period of time. Breeders of rabbits have long been familiar with a variety of genetic traits that affect the fitness of rabbits in the wild and in breeding populations. One such trait is that of furless rabbits, also cal ...
- Wiley Online Library
... b in the direction opposite the avoided phenotype. As in nature (ten Cate and Rowe 2007), b declines as the difference between the target and avoided phenotypes (x) increases. Right panels show speciations per 1000 simulations under each mate preference mode when preferences are unbiased (C) or bias ...
... b in the direction opposite the avoided phenotype. As in nature (ten Cate and Rowe 2007), b declines as the difference between the target and avoided phenotypes (x) increases. Right panels show speciations per 1000 simulations under each mate preference mode when preferences are unbiased (C) or bias ...
A genotype of Pp
... If there is a dominant allele and a recessive allele, the dominant trait will be the one that is expressed. Example: A genotype of Pp (Purple/white) shows a phenotype of Purple. ...
... If there is a dominant allele and a recessive allele, the dominant trait will be the one that is expressed. Example: A genotype of Pp (Purple/white) shows a phenotype of Purple. ...
attached / unattached earlobes
... genetic traits. Dalmatians are often deaf, and other dog breeds have high frequencies of epilepsy, blindness, and hip dysplasia. It is true, that mutts are often hardier and have less health problems than the pure breeds. ...
... genetic traits. Dalmatians are often deaf, and other dog breeds have high frequencies of epilepsy, blindness, and hip dysplasia. It is true, that mutts are often hardier and have less health problems than the pure breeds. ...
lecture 02 - selection on the gene, genome, trait and phenotype
... fitness of an individual: # of offspring that survive to reproduce - if you live forever but produce no offspring, your fitness = 0 Allele combinations resulting in higher fitness are passed to more offspring, and thus those alleles rise in frequency over time (becoming more common) ...
... fitness of an individual: # of offspring that survive to reproduce - if you live forever but produce no offspring, your fitness = 0 Allele combinations resulting in higher fitness are passed to more offspring, and thus those alleles rise in frequency over time (becoming more common) ...
Inheriting two copies of mutated genes that are
... essential, these individuals might fail to develop past fertilization, die in utero, or die later in life, depending on what life stage requires this gene. An inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form and in which the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered ...
... essential, these individuals might fail to develop past fertilization, die in utero, or die later in life, depending on what life stage requires this gene. An inheritance pattern in which an allele is only lethal in the homozygous form and in which the heterozygote may be normal or have some altered ...
Group Selection
... to my whole theory. I allude to the neuters or sterile females in insect-communities: for these neuters often differ widely in instinct and in structure from both the males and fertile females, and yet, from being sterile, they cannot propagate their kind.” Darwin 1859 Problem: Sterile female worker ...
... to my whole theory. I allude to the neuters or sterile females in insect-communities: for these neuters often differ widely in instinct and in structure from both the males and fertile females, and yet, from being sterile, they cannot propagate their kind.” Darwin 1859 Problem: Sterile female worker ...
Role of sexlinked genes in quantitative inheritance
... gene is a physical entity which (i) is duplicated and passed intact from generation to generations^!!) has a specific function in the production of the phenotype and (iii) can mutate to another entity satisfying (i) and (ii). It should be noted that there may exist also in the cytoplasm particulate ...
... gene is a physical entity which (i) is duplicated and passed intact from generation to generations^!!) has a specific function in the production of the phenotype and (iii) can mutate to another entity satisfying (i) and (ii). It should be noted that there may exist also in the cytoplasm particulate ...
Bisexual branching processes to model extinction conditions for Y
... Another singular question associated with the Y chromosome is that of the microdeletions of this chromosome’s long arm (Yq). These Yq deletions define three regions collectively known as AZF (azoospermia factors), with deletions of the AZFc region being the commonest. The Yq deletion is associated wi ...
... Another singular question associated with the Y chromosome is that of the microdeletions of this chromosome’s long arm (Yq). These Yq deletions define three regions collectively known as AZF (azoospermia factors), with deletions of the AZFc region being the commonest. The Yq deletion is associated wi ...
Mendel and Punnet Square Quiz - etec-510-2011
... a) Mendel didn’t know what to call what he observed was being passed on through pea plants, thus he called it “units” or “factors.” It was later coined alleles and genes. b) The number of offspring per plant depends on the number of times it was bred and has nothing to do with inheritance. c) It is ...
... a) Mendel didn’t know what to call what he observed was being passed on through pea plants, thus he called it “units” or “factors.” It was later coined alleles and genes. b) The number of offspring per plant depends on the number of times it was bred and has nothing to do with inheritance. c) It is ...
Classical Genetics - Morinville Community High School
... (although such characters as body size may be profoundly influenced by environment). The tremendous number of genetic traits makes humans extremely variable. With the exception of identical twins, it is highly improbable that any two persons will have the same (or even similar) combinations of genet ...
... (although such characters as body size may be profoundly influenced by environment). The tremendous number of genetic traits makes humans extremely variable. With the exception of identical twins, it is highly improbable that any two persons will have the same (or even similar) combinations of genet ...
Note: Alleles are alternative forms of a, gene which occupies a
... called a 'roan'. It has an equal number of red and white hairs in its coat. (a) Is this an example of codominance or of incomplete dominance? Codominance (1) (b) Give a reason for your answer. Each allele is fully expressed, i.e. neither allele is dominant (1) (c) Give an example of codominance in h ...
... called a 'roan'. It has an equal number of red and white hairs in its coat. (a) Is this an example of codominance or of incomplete dominance? Codominance (1) (b) Give a reason for your answer. Each allele is fully expressed, i.e. neither allele is dominant (1) (c) Give an example of codominance in h ...
Introduction to Genetics
... science of genetics. These principles can be summarized as follows: ...
... science of genetics. These principles can be summarized as follows: ...
The making of the Fittest: Natural Selection and Adaptation
... A common misconception is that individuals evolve. While individuals may have favorable and heritable traits that are advantageous for survival and reproduction, the impact of selection is only apparent in the changes in phenotypes and genotypes observed in the population over time. The study of pop ...
... A common misconception is that individuals evolve. While individuals may have favorable and heritable traits that are advantageous for survival and reproduction, the impact of selection is only apparent in the changes in phenotypes and genotypes observed in the population over time. The study of pop ...
The costs of immunity and the evolution of immunological defense
... THE COSTS OF IMMUNITY AND THE EVOLUTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS ...
... THE COSTS OF IMMUNITY AND THE EVOLUTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS ...
Inbreeding avoidance
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the deleterious effects of inbreeding. The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis posits that certain mechanisms develop within a species, or within a given population of a species, as a result of natural and sexual selection in order to prevent breeding among related individuals in that species or population. Although inbreeding may impose certain evolutionary costs, inbreeding avoidance, which limits the number of potential mates for a given individual, can inflict opportunity costs. Therefore, a balance exists between inbreeding and inbreeding avoidance. This balance determines whether inbreeding mechanisms develop and the specific nature of said mechanisms.Inbreeding results in inbreeding depression, which is the reduction of fitness of a given population due to inbreeding. Inbreeding depression occurs via one of two mechanisms. The first mechanism involves the appearance of disadvantageous traits via the pairing of deleterious recessive alleles in a mating pair’s progeny. When two related individuals mate, the probability of deleterious recessive alleles pairing in the resulting offspring is higher as compared to when non-related individuals mate. The second mechanism relates to the increased fitness of heterozygotes. Many studies have demonstrated that homozygous individuals are often disadvantaged with respect to heterozygous individuals. For example, a study conducted on a population of South African cheetahs demonstrated that the lack of genetic variability among individuals in the population has resulted in negative consequences for individuals, such as a greater rate of juvenile mortality and spermatozoal abnormalities. When heterozygotes possess a fitness advantage relative to a homozygote, a population with a large number of homozygotes will have a relatively reduced fitness, thus leading to inbreeding depression. Through these described mechanisms, the effects of inbreeding depression are often severe enough to cause the evolution of inbreeding avoidance mechanisms.