Hayek - currency competition and European monetary union
... himself mentioned the great German inflation of 1923. After the second World War, prices had moved worldwide only in one direction. In the course of the 1960s “booming” US Federal Government expenditure, which was partly associated with the Vietnam War, led to a sustained period of strong growth in ...
... himself mentioned the great German inflation of 1923. After the second World War, prices had moved worldwide only in one direction. In the course of the 1960s “booming” US Federal Government expenditure, which was partly associated with the Vietnam War, led to a sustained period of strong growth in ...
Essays on currency intervention, with particular reference to
... Most major currencies are free floating vis-à-vis other currencies, except renminbi. 3 There might possibly be some gains or losses from currency intervention in the foreign exchange market. For example, Gylfason and Schmid (1983) show that devaluation has positive output effects in a study of ten c ...
... Most major currencies are free floating vis-à-vis other currencies, except renminbi. 3 There might possibly be some gains or losses from currency intervention in the foreign exchange market. For example, Gylfason and Schmid (1983) show that devaluation has positive output effects in a study of ten c ...
The new BIS effective exchange rate indices
... sufficiently capture the exchange rate effects on relative demand or prices for products differentiated by type. This may not be a major concern if the economies compete in terms of a similar mix of manufactures (eg among advanced economies), but would be questionable if the exports were not substit ...
... sufficiently capture the exchange rate effects on relative demand or prices for products differentiated by type. This may not be a major concern if the economies compete in terms of a similar mix of manufactures (eg among advanced economies), but would be questionable if the exports were not substit ...
Does Internationalizing the RMB Make Sense for China?
... reserve system. Zhou (2009) drew attention to weaknesses of the current international monetary system, which he argued is too reliant on holding sovereign currency reserves (i.e., the U.S. dollar). He urged expanding use of the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights and proposed a stronger international role ...
... reserve system. Zhou (2009) drew attention to weaknesses of the current international monetary system, which he argued is too reliant on holding sovereign currency reserves (i.e., the U.S. dollar). He urged expanding use of the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights and proposed a stronger international role ...
Currency Boards
... currency held by banks and C ma is currency held by the monetary agency. NFAma is the amount of net foreign assets that the monetary agency holds, RES is the reserves deposited by commercial banks, BOR is the reserves borrowed by the banks, and D is deposits, and L&I is loans and investment. If the ...
... currency held by banks and C ma is currency held by the monetary agency. NFAma is the amount of net foreign assets that the monetary agency holds, RES is the reserves deposited by commercial banks, BOR is the reserves borrowed by the banks, and D is deposits, and L&I is loans and investment. If the ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... growth rather than the growth of a broader set of financial assets is ...
... growth rather than the growth of a broader set of financial assets is ...
The Concepts, Consequences, and Determinants of Currency
... circumstances do people start to use—either for all or for only some monetary purposes—a currency which is either issued or controlled by a state other than their own?”; and “What political consequences can be expected to follow, for both parties, from this international ...
... circumstances do people start to use—either for all or for only some monetary purposes—a currency which is either issued or controlled by a state other than their own?”; and “What political consequences can be expected to follow, for both parties, from this international ...
Bitcoin and the Future of Money
... I am more convinced than ever that if we ever again are going to have a decent money, it will not come from government. Good money […] imposes on the issuer a discipline to which the government has never been and cannot be subject. why government monopoly of the provision of money is regarded as ind ...
... I am more convinced than ever that if we ever again are going to have a decent money, it will not come from government. Good money […] imposes on the issuer a discipline to which the government has never been and cannot be subject. why government monopoly of the provision of money is regarded as ind ...
Slides - Centre for Economic Policy Research
... have the disadvantage of preventing withdrawals for spending as well as withdrawals for storage. Also the ability to withdraw has great option-value for people. 2. Storage of paper currency can be done in a very lowtech way by anyone. Also, criminals already have experience in secret storage of pape ...
... have the disadvantage of preventing withdrawals for spending as well as withdrawals for storage. Also the ability to withdraw has great option-value for people. 2. Storage of paper currency can be done in a very lowtech way by anyone. Also, criminals already have experience in secret storage of pape ...
Central bank diversification strategies: Rebalancing from the dollar
... with AAA credit ratings, stand out as countries with strong potential as reserve asset currencies due to their high quality. These countries have long held top credit ratings and have recently been reaffirmed by the major rating agencies. The pool of Alternative reserve assets also brings prospects ...
... with AAA credit ratings, stand out as countries with strong potential as reserve asset currencies due to their high quality. These countries have long held top credit ratings and have recently been reaffirmed by the major rating agencies. The pool of Alternative reserve assets also brings prospects ...
ADDICTED TO DOLLARS
... • We try to explain why some countries have been able to avoid certain forms of the addiction, and examine the evidence on successful de-dollarization, the subject of this conference. ...
... • We try to explain why some countries have been able to avoid certain forms of the addiction, and examine the evidence on successful de-dollarization, the subject of this conference. ...
“New” Views on the Optimum Currency Area Theory: What
... financing an imbalance (ensuing a shock) and the adjustment process to a new equilibria if the shock has lasting effects. Financial integration permits to cushion temporary disturbances through capital inflows -- e.g. by borrowing from surplus areas or de-cumulating net foreign assets (risk sharing) ...
... financing an imbalance (ensuing a shock) and the adjustment process to a new equilibria if the shock has lasting effects. Financial integration permits to cushion temporary disturbances through capital inflows -- e.g. by borrowing from surplus areas or de-cumulating net foreign assets (risk sharing) ...
Exchange Rate Policy in Chile
... gradually declining annual inflation targets could potentially clash with the exchange rate band as well. In a sense, having inflation targets and an exchange rate target simultaneously is an over-determination of nominal variables (two nominal anchors). Moreover, the strong growth exhibited during ...
... gradually declining annual inflation targets could potentially clash with the exchange rate band as well. In a sense, having inflation targets and an exchange rate target simultaneously is an over-determination of nominal variables (two nominal anchors). Moreover, the strong growth exhibited during ...
Exchange rate volatility and economic performance in Peru: A firm
... prudential regulations and policies oriented to develop capital markets since the contraction in the real sector could also have a negative impact in the financial sector. This relationship among real exchange rate depreciation, macroeconomic activity and financial fragility for the Peruvian economy ...
... prudential regulations and policies oriented to develop capital markets since the contraction in the real sector could also have a negative impact in the financial sector. This relationship among real exchange rate depreciation, macroeconomic activity and financial fragility for the Peruvian economy ...
Consequences of a current account surplus
... • Portfolio investment, such as a UK investor buying shares in an existing business abroad. With portfolio investment, the investor has no control over the enterprise. Financial derivatives are any financial instrument whose underlying value is based on another asset, such as a foreign currency, int ...
... • Portfolio investment, such as a UK investor buying shares in an existing business abroad. With portfolio investment, the investor has no control over the enterprise. Financial derivatives are any financial instrument whose underlying value is based on another asset, such as a foreign currency, int ...
SB-FRS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies
... The financial statements of an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, whether they are based on a historical cost approach or a current cost approach, shall be stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period. The correspondin ...
... The financial statements of an entity whose functional currency is the currency of a hyperinflationary economy, whether they are based on a historical cost approach or a current cost approach, shall be stated in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period. The correspondin ...
Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy
... requirements for Federal Reserve Banks (Fed Banks) or to the fact that all Fedheld gold was on the table in a crisis. Most important, none of these publications includes any reference to the real culprit in the monetary machinery of that era—the real bills doctrine, which was then the working bluepr ...
... requirements for Federal Reserve Banks (Fed Banks) or to the fact that all Fedheld gold was on the table in a crisis. Most important, none of these publications includes any reference to the real culprit in the monetary machinery of that era—the real bills doctrine, which was then the working bluepr ...
Currency Investor Roundtable
... or downwards), then dampening those pressures means they build up so that the eventual move still happens, but with more force. But that’s why we want currency experts to manage the process for us. You ask if investors might be reluctant to have currency exposure to some regions. If they are unhappy ...
... or downwards), then dampening those pressures means they build up so that the eventual move still happens, but with more force. But that’s why we want currency experts to manage the process for us. You ask if investors might be reluctant to have currency exposure to some regions. If they are unhappy ...
International Capital Flows and Domestic Financial Conditions: Lessons for Emerging Asia
... Following Lane and Milesi-Ferretti (2007), Figure 1 shows the international …nancial integration (IFI) ratio for emerging Asia over 1981-2012.1 The IFI ratio captures the scale of cross-border …nancial positions and shows a strong positive trend for emerging Asia, albeit with some volatility. From a ...
... Following Lane and Milesi-Ferretti (2007), Figure 1 shows the international …nancial integration (IFI) ratio for emerging Asia over 1981-2012.1 The IFI ratio captures the scale of cross-border …nancial positions and shows a strong positive trend for emerging Asia, albeit with some volatility. From a ...
The Global Flow of Funds: Chapter 2
... A country's current account position can be either beneficial or detrimental to an economy. Just as households cannot borrow indefinitely to maintain their current consumption in excess of income and firms cannot use debt to cover their operating losses forever, nations cannot use foreign savings to ...
... A country's current account position can be either beneficial or detrimental to an economy. Just as households cannot borrow indefinitely to maintain their current consumption in excess of income and firms cannot use debt to cover their operating losses forever, nations cannot use foreign savings to ...
Monetary Unions, External Shocks and Economic Performance
... currencies in the world economy. They have analyzed whether different countries satisfy the traditional “optimal currency area” criteria. These include: (a) the synchronization of the business cycle; (b) the degree of factor mobility; and (c) the extent of trade and financial integration. In this pa ...
... currencies in the world economy. They have analyzed whether different countries satisfy the traditional “optimal currency area” criteria. These include: (a) the synchronization of the business cycle; (b) the degree of factor mobility; and (c) the extent of trade and financial integration. In this pa ...
International Finance and Growth in Developing Countries: What
... experience, while avoiding systemic meltdowns. In general, in most of the industrial countries, this approach has done tolerably well so far – though there are clearly recent areas of financial excess, such as the home equity market in the United States. So domestically, at least, financial markets ...
... experience, while avoiding systemic meltdowns. In general, in most of the industrial countries, this approach has done tolerably well so far – though there are clearly recent areas of financial excess, such as the home equity market in the United States. So domestically, at least, financial markets ...
International Gold Standard and US Moentary Policy from World War
... Great Britain and its allies depended on international borrowing as the key weapon in their defense of exchange rate parities. As the war stretched from months into years, an extraordinary network of international lending emerged, which fortified the strained structure of exchange rates. In general, ...
... Great Britain and its allies depended on international borrowing as the key weapon in their defense of exchange rate parities. As the war stretched from months into years, an extraordinary network of international lending emerged, which fortified the strained structure of exchange rates. In general, ...
Statistical Mechanics of a Time-Homogeneous System of Money
... in trades as they are confident that they could cash the notes at all times if they so desired. As long as this trust is maintained, the issuer can now create new money by accommodating loans: he can hand out additional promissory notes to a borrower who has now acquired liquid means of payment and ...
... in trades as they are confident that they could cash the notes at all times if they so desired. As long as this trust is maintained, the issuer can now create new money by accommodating loans: he can hand out additional promissory notes to a borrower who has now acquired liquid means of payment and ...
GE05-Whalley-06DEC 225735 en
... where no tariff liberalization occurs. We can also consider services liberalization in a tariff-free world, and tariff liberalization in a world either with or without service restrictions. Finally, we can consider joint tariff and services liberalization. This joint spatial inter-temporal economy can ...
... where no tariff liberalization occurs. We can also consider services liberalization in a tariff-free world, and tariff liberalization in a world either with or without service restrictions. Finally, we can consider joint tariff and services liberalization. This joint spatial inter-temporal economy can ...