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Inflation Targeting and Business Cycle - Berkeley-Haas
Inflation Targeting and Business Cycle - Berkeley-Haas

... We are now in a position to compare the cross-country output covariance as the monetary regime of the small open economy changes. The most obvious default case is where the authorities pursue no active policy via interest rates (NAP).2 Consider the alternative, where the interest rate is directed ex ...
MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING? THE RMB`S INCLUSION IN THE
MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING? THE RMB`S INCLUSION IN THE

... Monetary and Financial System (Helleiner 2014). For a little while, there seemed to be consensus among many governments and analysts that a national currency was simply too tied to the self-interest and economic policy of the issuing country to serve as the reserve currency for the rest of the world ...
Foreign Exchange Intervention and Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates
Foreign Exchange Intervention and Equilibrium Real Exchange Rates

... source of shocks to real and nominal exchange rates (see, inter alia, Clarida and Gali, 1994, Kim and Roubini, 2000), Kim (2003) comes up with similar suggestions. Kim analyses jointly the effects of foreign exchange intervention strategies –pursued by setting exchange reserves- and monetary policy ...
The Effects of Unconventional and Conventional U.S. Monetary
The Effects of Unconventional and Conventional U.S. Monetary

... The extent to which an announcement affects the currency when it is released to the public largely depends on whether or not market participants expect the announcement. If market participants anticipate the content of the news, then no additional information is revealed at the time of the announcem ...
Money, Prices and the Real Economy
Money, Prices and the Real Economy

... It is clear, then, what the objective of monetary policy ought to be – price stability. But how to achieve it? Numerous approaches have been tried. Currently inflation targets are fashionable. An increasing number of countries, including Britain, have announced that the objective of monetary policy ...
Exchange-Rate Determination: A Survey of
Exchange-Rate Determination: A Survey of

... portation and other transactions costs in reality leave room for substantial purchasing-power disparities to occur before residents in any one country would find it economical to exchange an "overvalued" local currency for currencies to use in purchasing goods and services abroad. Similarly, advoca ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXCESS CAPACITY, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION, AND INTERNATIONAL TRANSMISSION
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES EXCESS CAPACITY, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION, AND INTERNATIONAL TRANSMISSION

... This is an extensive revision of Svensson and van Wijnbergen (1986). We are grateful for comments by Bernard Dumas, Jeremy Greenwood, Jeffrey Sachs, two anonymous referees and participants in seminars at Columbia University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NBER, University ...
an External Instruments Approach
an External Instruments Approach

... on real activity and inflation, and instead they abstract from open economy issues and the inclusion of financial variables, which are central to our investigation. Sims (1992) is the seminal study to show anomalies related to movements in inflation and exchange rates using a recursive identificatio ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES SPECIAL EXCHANGE RATES FOR CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS Rudiger Dornbusch
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES SPECIAL EXCHANGE RATES FOR CAPITAL ACCOUNT TRANSACTIONS Rudiger Dornbusch

... escalating rates of price increase. Figure 1 shows the exchange rate of the dollar in Berlin in early 1923. During February-March the government manages to stabilize the rate and while this is going on prices are stable. Then a loss in confidence, related to the reparations problem, ensues and in a ...
The Dynamics of Currency Substitution, Asset Substitution and De
The Dynamics of Currency Substitution, Asset Substitution and De

... dollarization can also lead to a distortion in various measures of macroeconomic activity making the formulation of macroeconomic policy more difficult. However, since de facto dollarization represents a revealed preference for holding foreign currency as a means of reducing the risks of domestic i ...
Chapter Two: New Nature of Emerging-Market Crises -
Chapter Two: New Nature of Emerging-Market Crises -

... absence of budget deficits.6 However, outside of Asia, persistent fiscal deficits typically contributed to the creation of “twin” current account deficits and added to the country’s vulnerability: Government borrowing competes with private investment unless additional financing is obtained from abro ...
Monetary Policy Strategies for Emerging Market Countries
Monetary Policy Strategies for Emerging Market Countries

... replacement of the brief interim government of Rodriguez Saa, finally pulled the plug on the currency board. On January 6, the exchange rate applicable to exports, essential imports and most capital transactions was set at 1.4 pesos/dollar, while a floating exchange was created for all other transa ...
Chapter 12
Chapter 12

... • covers receipts and payments of income associated, respectively, with residents’ holdings of external financial assets and with residents’ liabilities to nonresidents. Investment income consists of direct investment income, portfolio investment income, and other investment income. The direct inves ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Economic Research Volume Title: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2008, Volume 23
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Economic Research Volume Title: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2008, Volume 23

... dynamics, such as real activity and inflation) and by series‐specific components unrelated to the general state of the economies, et . For instance, (2) specifies that indicators of country‐level economic activity or inflation are driven by a European interest rate, EA latent factors Ft , and a comp ...
Working Paper No. 405 Monetary policy, capital
Working Paper No. 405 Monetary policy, capital

... A range of hypotheses have been put forward to explain the boom in house prices that occurred in the United States from the mid-1990s to 2007. This paper considers the relative importance of two of these hypotheses. First, global imbalances increased liquidity in the US nancial system, driving down ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)

... These three countries have always had strong ties since 1951, when they signed the ANZUS treaty which specifies the three countries will cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean (King, 2003). Not only have these countries have had military alliance, the U.S has collaborated with Australia o ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE FUTURE OF EMU:  WHAT DOES
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE FUTURE OF EMU: WHAT DOES

... Federal Reserve Banks issues dollar bills perfectly acceptable in every reserve district a five dollar bill issued by the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond is always perfectly interchangeable with a five dollar bill issued by any other Federal Reserve Bank. A national monetary union has as a rule one ...
Alternative Guiding Principles for the Use of Monetary Policy.
Alternative Guiding Principles for the Use of Monetary Policy.

... agement and influenced by its advice, rather than being managed directly by the government as an integral part of its general economic policy. The central bank is an independent corporation, not a government department; its personnel is selected by a different procedure than the Civil Service; and ...
Do loans harm?
Do loans harm?

... of the IMF’s most recent task, to fight the current financial crisis, which is largely caused by income and wealth inequalities (Leijonhuvfud 2009), and might lead to even more inequality (Atkinsons 2008). Is it really so that for IMF programs there exists no equity-efficiency tradeoff, as simply bo ...
View/Open
View/Open

... output. He also revealed that a 1% appreciation (depreciation) in the trade-weighted exchange rate would reduce (increase) the CPI inflation rate by 0.3%. Brash (2000) attributed substantial depreciation of the New Zealand dollar during 1997 -2000 to large balance of payment deficits, an overvalued ...
Author`s Note, Crash Proof 2.0
Author`s Note, Crash Proof 2.0

... healthy, prosperous, and growing, and John Wiley & Sons was the only company willing to take a chance. I finished writing the book by mid-2006, and the first copies arrived in bookstores in February 2007. Yet even then, as warning bells began to sound, most would have considered a book about an immi ...
Should the IMF Pursue Capital-Account
Should the IMF Pursue Capital-Account

... controls. Such controls, intended to reduce the vulnerability of domestic institutions to shifts in foreign capital flows, could well form part of a set of internationally accepted prudential standards. In addition to prudential controls, a case can be made that countries with weak financial systems ...
F inancial dollarization
F inancial dollarization

... always be on opposite sides of MVP, if not at MVP. For example, starting from MVP, an increase in the domestic interest rate differential in favor of the home currency should increase the attractiveness of home currency deposits and lower that of home currency loans, thereby reducing deposit dollari ...
Trends in cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies: a monetary
Trends in cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies: a monetary

... fiat currency as any legal tender designated and issued by a central authority that people are willing to accept in exchange for goods and services because it is backed by regulation, and because they trust this central authority. Fiat money is similar to commodity-backed money in this regard with r ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ISSUES CONCERNING NOMINAL ANCHORS FOR MONETARY POLICY Robert Flood
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ISSUES CONCERNING NOMINAL ANCHORS FOR MONETARY POLICY Robert Flood

... importance and implications of any such analytical exercise, of course, need to be interpreted with an appropriate degree of caution. ...
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Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australasia and Japan in the mid-20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. The chief features of the Bretton Woods system were an obligation for each country to adopt a monetary policy that maintained the exchange rate by tying its currency to gold and the ability of the IMF to bridge temporary imbalances of payments. Also, there was a need to address the lack of cooperation among other countries and to prevent competitive devaluation of the currencies as well.Preparing to rebuild the international economic system while World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference. The delegates deliberated during 1–22 July 1944, and signed the Bretton Woods agreement on its final day. Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system, these accords established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which today is part of the World Bank Group. The United States, which controlled two thirds of the world's gold, insisted that the Bretton Woods system rest on both gold and the US dollar. Soviet representatives attended the conference but later declined to ratify the final agreements, charging that the institutions they had created were ""branches of Wall Street."" These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had ratified the agreement.On 15 August 1971, the United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Woods system to an end and rendering the dollar a fiat currency. This action, referred to as the Nixon shock, created the situation in which the United States dollar became a reserve currency used by many states. At the same time, many fixed currencies (such as the pound sterling, for example), also became free-floating.
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