SB-FRS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies
... At the beginning of the first period of application of this Standard, the components of owners’ equity, except retained earnings and any revaluation surplus, are restated by applying a general price index from the dates the components were contributed or otherwise arose. Any revaluation surplus that ...
... At the beginning of the first period of application of this Standard, the components of owners’ equity, except retained earnings and any revaluation surplus, are restated by applying a general price index from the dates the components were contributed or otherwise arose. Any revaluation surplus that ...
International Outsourcing, Exchange Rates, and
... production and the receipts from sales, firms often face liquidity constraints and have to finance their working capital externally. As surveyed by Manova (2010), the recent literature on trade and finance has focused on the role of domestic financial market frictions and stressed the importance of ...
... production and the receipts from sales, firms often face liquidity constraints and have to finance their working capital externally. As surveyed by Manova (2010), the recent literature on trade and finance has focused on the role of domestic financial market frictions and stressed the importance of ...
The New Zealand experience of short- and drivers and policy implications
... These choices of parameters exclude very short cycles but not very long ones. For all countries in our sample there is sufficient medium-run variability in the real exchange rate for a handful of exchange rate cycles to be picked up. 6 Our cyclical exchange rate volatility measures are calculated us ...
... These choices of parameters exclude very short cycles but not very long ones. For all countries in our sample there is sufficient medium-run variability in the real exchange rate for a handful of exchange rate cycles to be picked up. 6 Our cyclical exchange rate volatility measures are calculated us ...
Monetary Policy - Common Sense Economics
... establishment of reserve requirements for banks, (2) buying and selling U.S. government securities and other financial assets in the open market, (3) the volume of loans extended to banks and other institutions, and (4) the interest rate it pays banks on funds held as reserves. We now turn to the ex ...
... establishment of reserve requirements for banks, (2) buying and selling U.S. government securities and other financial assets in the open market, (3) the volume of loans extended to banks and other institutions, and (4) the interest rate it pays banks on funds held as reserves. We now turn to the ex ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... National Bureau of Economic Research
... broader set of borrowers, which may in turn explain Australia’s different response to the large negative terms-of-trade shocks following the Asian crisis. This has not always been the case. In 1975, as Chile began opening to international capital markets, private debt was only $786 million. Because o ...
... broader set of borrowers, which may in turn explain Australia’s different response to the large negative terms-of-trade shocks following the Asian crisis. This has not always been the case. In 1975, as Chile began opening to international capital markets, private debt was only $786 million. Because o ...
PDF
... that most of th at growth may be attributed to two general factors, which may conveniently be related to two types o f shocks acting upon agriculture: demand-related and techno logical supply-related shocks. Demand shocks are originated both from domestic economy but also from external markets. We u ...
... that most of th at growth may be attributed to two general factors, which may conveniently be related to two types o f shocks acting upon agriculture: demand-related and techno logical supply-related shocks. Demand shocks are originated both from domestic economy but also from external markets. We u ...
Monetary Policy and the Determination of the Interest Rate and
... is the model without capital mobility, and the other is the model with perfect capital mobility pioneered by Hundell(l963) and Fleming(l962). In the first model, the interest rate plays a unique role in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and the interest rate is determined by the equilib ...
... is the model without capital mobility, and the other is the model with perfect capital mobility pioneered by Hundell(l963) and Fleming(l962). In the first model, the interest rate plays a unique role in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy and the interest rate is determined by the equilib ...
The Bretton Woods International Monetary System
... The architects derived their views of an ideal international monetary arrangement from their perception of the performance of the pre-World War I classical gold standard and of the sequence of floating rates and gold exchange standard that characterized the interwar period. As background to the hist ...
... The architects derived their views of an ideal international monetary arrangement from their perception of the performance of the pre-World War I classical gold standard and of the sequence of floating rates and gold exchange standard that characterized the interwar period. As background to the hist ...
February 2003
... There were some changes in the average predictions for short-term rates at the one-year horizon in month-on-month comparison. Short rates – represented by the 1W PRIBOR – continued falling (1W PRIBOR – foreign analysts: average 2.8%, range: 2.6%–3.0%; domestic analysts: average 2.83%, range: 2.5%–3. ...
... There were some changes in the average predictions for short-term rates at the one-year horizon in month-on-month comparison. Short rates – represented by the 1W PRIBOR – continued falling (1W PRIBOR – foreign analysts: average 2.8%, range: 2.6%–3.0%; domestic analysts: average 2.83%, range: 2.5%–3. ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES REAL EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY IN SUDDEN-STOP-PRONE ECONOMIES
... -4widely with the time horizon of the variance ratios. Movements in Mexico’s nontradables relative prices can account for up to 70 percent of the variance of the real exchange rate. In short, whenever Mexico managed its exchange rate, the country experienced high real-exchange-rate variability but ...
... -4widely with the time horizon of the variance ratios. Movements in Mexico’s nontradables relative prices can account for up to 70 percent of the variance of the real exchange rate. In short, whenever Mexico managed its exchange rate, the country experienced high real-exchange-rate variability but ...
Foreign Currency Borrowing: The Case of Hungary
... first-hand information on Hungarian household borrowers through a custom survey carried out in November 2008. The design and timing of the survey allow us to test hypotheses on FX borrowers’ characteristics, financial literacy and risk attitudes. We can also infer – albeit tentatively – the potentia ...
... first-hand information on Hungarian household borrowers through a custom survey carried out in November 2008. The design and timing of the survey allow us to test hypotheses on FX borrowers’ characteristics, financial literacy and risk attitudes. We can also infer – albeit tentatively – the potentia ...
Read Module 26, p. 253, 255-257. The AP Macroeconomics exam
... b. the monetary base decreases, the money multiplier decreases, and the money supply increases. c. loans increase, the federal funds rate rises, and the discount rate rises. d. the monetary base decreases, loans decrease, and the money supply decreases. e. the monetary base decreases, loans decrease ...
... b. the monetary base decreases, the money multiplier decreases, and the money supply increases. c. loans increase, the federal funds rate rises, and the discount rate rises. d. the monetary base decreases, loans decrease, and the money supply decreases. e. the monetary base decreases, loans decrease ...
IB Economics Section 2.5 Monetary policy
... The real interest rate is slightly more complex than the nominal rate but still fairly simple. The nominal interest rate doesn’t tell the whole story, because inflation reduces the lender's or investor’s purchasing power so that they cannot buy the same amount of goods or services at payoff or matur ...
... The real interest rate is slightly more complex than the nominal rate but still fairly simple. The nominal interest rate doesn’t tell the whole story, because inflation reduces the lender's or investor’s purchasing power so that they cannot buy the same amount of goods or services at payoff or matur ...
Document
... Reserve Requirements Changes in the required reserve ratio affect the money multiplier, hence Ms Advantage (?) 1. Powerful effect, equal across banks Disadvantages 1. Small changes have very large effect on Ms 2. Raising causes liquidity problems for banks 3. Frequent changes cause uncertainty for ...
... Reserve Requirements Changes in the required reserve ratio affect the money multiplier, hence Ms Advantage (?) 1. Powerful effect, equal across banks Disadvantages 1. Small changes have very large effect on Ms 2. Raising causes liquidity problems for banks 3. Frequent changes cause uncertainty for ...
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... given levels of domestic prices and costs that it is impossible or undesirable to alter and trade restriction policies that it is not wished to alter, will balance international payments without any significant net inward or outward movement of monetary gold and Central Bank or Government agency hol ...
... given levels of domestic prices and costs that it is impossible or undesirable to alter and trade restriction policies that it is not wished to alter, will balance international payments without any significant net inward or outward movement of monetary gold and Central Bank or Government agency hol ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the... of Economic Research
... With the abandonment of the fixed exchange rate system in 1980, the exchange rate began to float by being pegged to a basket of multiple foreign exchange rates. Nevertheless, the government continued to exercise great discretionary power in the name of “policy considerations,” the most important of ...
... With the abandonment of the fixed exchange rate system in 1980, the exchange rate began to float by being pegged to a basket of multiple foreign exchange rates. Nevertheless, the government continued to exercise great discretionary power in the name of “policy considerations,” the most important of ...
Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate
... sizes and predicts how they collectively contribute to the overall growth and change of relative prices, given growth in different sectors. The Balassa-Samuelson theory also differs from the often-heard advice that in order to promote growth, depreciation must be induced. If that were a predominant ...
... sizes and predicts how they collectively contribute to the overall growth and change of relative prices, given growth in different sectors. The Balassa-Samuelson theory also differs from the often-heard advice that in order to promote growth, depreciation must be induced. If that were a predominant ...
Thesis: “A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF THE ZAR/USD EXCHANGE
... This thesis would not have been possible without the help, continuous support and patience of my supervisor, Prof. Costas Karfakis. I warmly thank him for the inspiring teaching as well as for selecting me as a student at the critical stage of my dissertation. He is the primary resource for answerin ...
... This thesis would not have been possible without the help, continuous support and patience of my supervisor, Prof. Costas Karfakis. I warmly thank him for the inspiring teaching as well as for selecting me as a student at the critical stage of my dissertation. He is the primary resource for answerin ...
DP2006/05 Should Monetary Policy Attempt to Reduce Exchange Rate Volatility in New Zealand?
... addition to inflation and output. Both hypothetical central banks operate within the same model economy and have full and perfect information. For each central bank, we calculate and compare the optimal reaction function. We also compare their behaviour when faced with various shocks. If the two opt ...
... addition to inflation and output. Both hypothetical central banks operate within the same model economy and have full and perfect information. For each central bank, we calculate and compare the optimal reaction function. We also compare their behaviour when faced with various shocks. If the two opt ...
MoneyBankingPractice..
... The U.S. money supply is no longer backed by gold, but that does not mean that it does not have value. It is the general acceptability of paper money that gives it value. As long as sellers continue to accept paper money as payment in exchange for goods and services that are valuable, the paper mone ...
... The U.S. money supply is no longer backed by gold, but that does not mean that it does not have value. It is the general acceptability of paper money that gives it value. As long as sellers continue to accept paper money as payment in exchange for goods and services that are valuable, the paper mone ...
The transmission mechanism of monetary policy
... rate should also cause a fall in housing prices, since housing finance costs will increase with a corresponding reduction in demand. All things being equal, less demand for housing ought to lead to smaller rises, or even reductions, in housing prices. The same applies to other assets such as land. 2 ...
... rate should also cause a fall in housing prices, since housing finance costs will increase with a corresponding reduction in demand. All things being equal, less demand for housing ought to lead to smaller rises, or even reductions, in housing prices. The same applies to other assets such as land. 2 ...
MONETARY CONTROL: THE SWISS EXPERIENCE Ulrich Kohli and Georg Rich I. Introduction
... Excess reserves constitute an important element in the transmission of monetary disturbances to the real sector of the economy. If the SNB wishes to decrease the monetary base, the initial effect is to reduce excess reserves of commercial banks. In the very short run, a decision to diminish the mone ...
... Excess reserves constitute an important element in the transmission of monetary disturbances to the real sector of the economy. If the SNB wishes to decrease the monetary base, the initial effect is to reduce excess reserves of commercial banks. In the very short run, a decision to diminish the mone ...
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
... evade the adverse effects of volatility in oil prices. Oil importing countries like Indonesia must make efforts to reduce dependency on oil by going for alternative sources of energy. Due to its influence on other macroeconomic variables like exchange rate, countries must predict its movements and r ...
... evade the adverse effects of volatility in oil prices. Oil importing countries like Indonesia must make efforts to reduce dependency on oil by going for alternative sources of energy. Due to its influence on other macroeconomic variables like exchange rate, countries must predict its movements and r ...
Inflation Targeting, Employment Creation and Economic Development:
... pose. Moreover, they are only as broad as the alternatives they explore. On all these scores, these results are problematic. First, they do not simulate the impact of inflation targeting relative to other possible policy regimes, such as targeting the real exchange rate as discussed below. Second, t ...
... pose. Moreover, they are only as broad as the alternatives they explore. On all these scores, these results are problematic. First, they do not simulate the impact of inflation targeting relative to other possible policy regimes, such as targeting the real exchange rate as discussed below. Second, t ...