Financial sector reforms and interest rate
... 1992. As a result, terms of trade deteriorated with increased import prices. Earnings from exports went down with the declining export prices and reduced volumes of traditional exports. Balance of payments worsened as the current account deficit increased. At the same time, inflation rates accelerat ...
... 1992. As a result, terms of trade deteriorated with increased import prices. Earnings from exports went down with the declining export prices and reduced volumes of traditional exports. Balance of payments worsened as the current account deficit increased. At the same time, inflation rates accelerat ...
SERIES
... declines and the real interest rate rises; in the long run private spending is completely crowded out by government spending as in any model with price adjustment. ...
... declines and the real interest rate rises; in the long run private spending is completely crowded out by government spending as in any model with price adjustment. ...
Sebastian NEER WORKING PAPER SERIES OF CAPITAL CONTROLS AND ROLE
... JJ In general, there are as many possible measures of the real exchange rates as tradable goods. In the set up presented here, there is the exportables real exchange rate, l/q (l/Q), and the importables real exchange rate, p/q (P/Q). In what follows, we deal only with the former definition although ...
... JJ In general, there are as many possible measures of the real exchange rates as tradable goods. In the set up presented here, there is the exportables real exchange rate, l/q (l/Q), and the importables real exchange rate, p/q (P/Q). In what follows, we deal only with the former definition although ...
On The International Transmission Of Productivity Shocks
... rate. The fall in the international price of the domestic good benefits foreign consumers via favorable import price movements. So that, movements in relative prices may contain the consumption risk of output fluctuations by reducing their impact on relative wealth. In the framework of modern Intern ...
... rate. The fall in the international price of the domestic good benefits foreign consumers via favorable import price movements. So that, movements in relative prices may contain the consumption risk of output fluctuations by reducing their impact on relative wealth. In the framework of modern Intern ...
9708 ECONOMICS
... an increase in the demand for yoghurt. In terms of whether these can be influenced by the firm, candidates should be able to recognise that advertising by the firm will affect tastes. Credit other suggestions, such as any complementary goods that might be supplied by the firm that could be reduced i ...
... an increase in the demand for yoghurt. In terms of whether these can be influenced by the firm, candidates should be able to recognise that advertising by the firm will affect tastes. Credit other suggestions, such as any complementary goods that might be supplied by the firm that could be reduced i ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM EAST ASIA
... aversion to liquidity risk. However, the latter change is consistent with the case where the government also started to respond and accumulated substantial foreign exchange reserves. Since macroeconomic impacts of the increased liquidity risk aversion depend on which strategy the East Asian economie ...
... aversion to liquidity risk. However, the latter change is consistent with the case where the government also started to respond and accumulated substantial foreign exchange reserves. Since macroeconomic impacts of the increased liquidity risk aversion depend on which strategy the East Asian economie ...
Australian Government Foreign Exchange Risk Management
... These Guidelines explain the Australian Government’s policy on foreign exchange risk management and the framework under which it operates. The policy has been in place since 1 July 2002. The reporting requirements set out in chapter 5 of these guidelines apply from 1 July 2006. This policy applies t ...
... These Guidelines explain the Australian Government’s policy on foreign exchange risk management and the framework under which it operates. The policy has been in place since 1 July 2002. The reporting requirements set out in chapter 5 of these guidelines apply from 1 July 2006. This policy applies t ...
the interest-rate effect.
... into a recession and workers are laid off, more people apply for unemployment insurance benefits, welfare benefits, and other forms of income support. This automatic increase in government spending stimulates aggregate demand at exactly the time when aggregate demand is insufficient to maintain full ...
... into a recession and workers are laid off, more people apply for unemployment insurance benefits, welfare benefits, and other forms of income support. This automatic increase in government spending stimulates aggregate demand at exactly the time when aggregate demand is insufficient to maintain full ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ECONOMETRICS AND THE DES OF ECONOMIC REFORM Michael Bruno
... empirically relevant non-linear case in which adjustment of a key variable like the exchange rate (and therefore wages ahd prices) is adaptive with coefficient of adjustment that itself rises with the rate of inflation. In this case both equilibria could turn out to be stable for some parameter valu ...
... empirically relevant non-linear case in which adjustment of a key variable like the exchange rate (and therefore wages ahd prices) is adaptive with coefficient of adjustment that itself rises with the rate of inflation. In this case both equilibria could turn out to be stable for some parameter valu ...
PDF
... added to most manufactured goods including pesticides. Following the GATT, discussions have centered on the possibility of reducing the tariffs as tariffs on most agricultural imports that compete with commodities produced by Philippine farmers are being phased out. Previous studies have found the e ...
... added to most manufactured goods including pesticides. Following the GATT, discussions have centered on the possibility of reducing the tariffs as tariffs on most agricultural imports that compete with commodities produced by Philippine farmers are being phased out. Previous studies have found the e ...
Контрольные задания по английскому языку для
... 2. Risk management is a system to prevent or reduce dangerous accidents or mistakes. 3. Loss adjuster is someone who is employed by an insurance company to decide how much should be paid to people who make claims on their insurance. III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы срав ...
... 2. Risk management is a system to prevent or reduce dangerous accidents or mistakes. 3. Loss adjuster is someone who is employed by an insurance company to decide how much should be paid to people who make claims on their insurance. III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы срав ...
Parkin-Bade Chapter 25
... Desired Currency Holding People hold some fraction of their money as currency. So when the total quantity of money increases, so does the quantity of currency that people plan to hold. ...
... Desired Currency Holding People hold some fraction of their money as currency. So when the total quantity of money increases, so does the quantity of currency that people plan to hold. ...
SWITCHING BETWEEN CHARTISTS AND
... not drive the chartists out of the market. De Long et al. present an overlapping generations model with two groups: “noise traders” (chartists) and “sophisticated traders” (fundamentalists). In each period the noise traders price the asset as its true fundamental value plus an error term. Such incor ...
... not drive the chartists out of the market. De Long et al. present an overlapping generations model with two groups: “noise traders” (chartists) and “sophisticated traders” (fundamentalists). In each period the noise traders price the asset as its true fundamental value plus an error term. Such incor ...
Liberalization of Foreign Exchange Controls: Japan`s Experiences
... exchange rates and independent monetary polices at the same time. When the fixed exchange rate (the dollar peg) is chosen and the capital mobility is free, an independent monetary policy is impossible. Capital movements force domestic interest rate equal to that of the US. If the exchange rate is fr ...
... exchange rates and independent monetary polices at the same time. When the fixed exchange rate (the dollar peg) is chosen and the capital mobility is free, an independent monetary policy is impossible. Capital movements force domestic interest rate equal to that of the US. If the exchange rate is fr ...
What Drives Exchange Rates? New Evidence from a Panel of U.S.
... explain the rapid appreciation of currencies of commodity-exporters against the U.S. dollar. However, over the same time, currencies of commodity-importing countries or currency areas, like the euro area and the United Kingdom, have also appreciated against the U.S. dollar. If currencies of commodit ...
... explain the rapid appreciation of currencies of commodity-exporters against the U.S. dollar. However, over the same time, currencies of commodity-importing countries or currency areas, like the euro area and the United Kingdom, have also appreciated against the U.S. dollar. If currencies of commodit ...
Europe and Global Imbalances Philip R. Lane Department of Economics, TCD
... the late 1980s. In turn, as pointed out in a number of recent contributions, this implies that changes in exchange rates and asset prices will have significant repercussions on the value of countries’ external assets and liabilities (the so-called “valuation effects”), in addition to the effects ope ...
... the late 1980s. In turn, as pointed out in a number of recent contributions, this implies that changes in exchange rates and asset prices will have significant repercussions on the value of countries’ external assets and liabilities (the so-called “valuation effects”), in addition to the effects ope ...
International Monetary System
... As foreign dollar holdings increased, however, people began to question the ability of the United States to live up to its Bretton Woods obligation. This led to the Triffin paradox: foreigners needed to increase their holdings of dollars to finance expansion of international trade, but the more doll ...
... As foreign dollar holdings increased, however, people began to question the ability of the United States to live up to its Bretton Woods obligation. This led to the Triffin paradox: foreigners needed to increase their holdings of dollars to finance expansion of international trade, but the more doll ...
chapter one 1. introduction
... The INR has been fluctuating sharply against USD. In the year 2009-10, INR appreciated by about ten percent against the USD and about three percent against the JPY, whereas it depreciated by about six percent against GBP and around three percent against the EUR. The INR has been largely volatile sin ...
... The INR has been fluctuating sharply against USD. In the year 2009-10, INR appreciated by about ten percent against the USD and about three percent against the JPY, whereas it depreciated by about six percent against GBP and around three percent against the EUR. The INR has been largely volatile sin ...
Exchange Rate Volatility and Exports: The Case of Colombia
... between exchange rate volatility and exports. As Clark et al. (2004) note, however, this impact is estimated to be economically small and is “…by no means a robust, universal finding.” Coric and Pugh (2010) provide a more comprehensive survey of the literature, which largely employs country-level a ...
... between exchange rate volatility and exports. As Clark et al. (2004) note, however, this impact is estimated to be economically small and is “…by no means a robust, universal finding.” Coric and Pugh (2010) provide a more comprehensive survey of the literature, which largely employs country-level a ...
PATTERNS OF FINANCIAL CAPITAL FLOWS AND
... The rise of foreign capital inflows has initially been a welcome development. The foreign exchange constraint which seemed binding during the 1970s and 80s seem to have been suddenly relaxed with positive effects on consumption and investment. In fact, theory suggests that inflows of capital would c ...
... The rise of foreign capital inflows has initially been a welcome development. The foreign exchange constraint which seemed binding during the 1970s and 80s seem to have been suddenly relaxed with positive effects on consumption and investment. In fact, theory suggests that inflows of capital would c ...
M o n e t a r y ... C o n t e n t s 1 March 2000
... prices received for New Zealand exports. Although world commodity prices generally are rising, prices of New Zealand’s commodity exports (figure 9) overall appear to be lagging somewhat, despite some apparent gains in the prices of meat, wool and milk-solids. The terms of trade, though improving, re ...
... prices received for New Zealand exports. Although world commodity prices generally are rising, prices of New Zealand’s commodity exports (figure 9) overall appear to be lagging somewhat, despite some apparent gains in the prices of meat, wool and milk-solids. The terms of trade, though improving, re ...
Regional Monetary Cooperation and Growth
... initially for use among the members of ALBA. This new payments system is intended to gradually but progressively replace the United States dollar as the invoicing currency of intra-regional trade. It is also seen as a tool not only for the strengthening of commercial ties, but also to move forward i ...
... initially for use among the members of ALBA. This new payments system is intended to gradually but progressively replace the United States dollar as the invoicing currency of intra-regional trade. It is also seen as a tool not only for the strengthening of commercial ties, but also to move forward i ...
The Equilibrium Value of The Euro/$ US Exchange Rate
... to synthesize/evaluate their results2 to answer the question: what have been the determinants of the equilibrium real value of a synthetic Euro. In all cases, the researchers constructed a synthetic Euro exchange rate. The hypothesis is that a valid theory concerning the actual real value euro, whos ...
... to synthesize/evaluate their results2 to answer the question: what have been the determinants of the equilibrium real value of a synthetic Euro. In all cases, the researchers constructed a synthetic Euro exchange rate. The hypothesis is that a valid theory concerning the actual real value euro, whos ...