Balance-of-Payments Adjustment
... The immediate financing problem posed by the larger current account deficit in 1974-75 was easily met by reliance upon official financing flows, both short term and long term. India drew Rs.293 crores (SDR 311 million) from its gold tranche and first credit tranche in the IMF early in 1974-75 and su ...
... The immediate financing problem posed by the larger current account deficit in 1974-75 was easily met by reliance upon official financing flows, both short term and long term. India drew Rs.293 crores (SDR 311 million) from its gold tranche and first credit tranche in the IMF early in 1974-75 and su ...
Driving North American Growth and Trade
... No doubt, omnipresent concerns about the already-hefty U.S. budget deficit ($653 billion in the past 12 months) will create hurdles aplenty—we, and many others, are highly skeptical that tax cuts can come close to “paying for themselves” through significantly higher GDP growth. And if the tax measur ...
... No doubt, omnipresent concerns about the already-hefty U.S. budget deficit ($653 billion in the past 12 months) will create hurdles aplenty—we, and many others, are highly skeptical that tax cuts can come close to “paying for themselves” through significantly higher GDP growth. And if the tax measur ...
U.S. Monetary Policy During the 1990s N. Gregory Mankiw Harvard
... They argue that more aggressive Japanese monetary expansion would have lowered real rates by raising inflation expectations or that it would have stimulated exports by causing the yen to depreciate in foreign exchange markets. Nonetheless, this argument for positive inflation may well have influence ...
... They argue that more aggressive Japanese monetary expansion would have lowered real rates by raising inflation expectations or that it would have stimulated exports by causing the yen to depreciate in foreign exchange markets. Nonetheless, this argument for positive inflation may well have influence ...
An evaluation of real GDP forecasts: 1996–2001
... Background—Forecasts during the early 1990s The recovery from the 1990–91 recession was weak. Typically, the economy experiences a period of above-trend growth following a recession, as households and businesses catch up on postponed spending and inventories adjust to increases in demand. But, based ...
... Background—Forecasts during the early 1990s The recovery from the 1990–91 recession was weak. Typically, the economy experiences a period of above-trend growth following a recession, as households and businesses catch up on postponed spending and inventories adjust to increases in demand. But, based ...
Monetary and Fiscal Policy Effectiveness in China
... money supply targeting rule in stabilizing China’s economy. Chen, et al (2011) argue that the effectiveness of non-standard forms of monetary policy, such as “window guidance” for commercial bank lending levels, are likely to diminish as financial markets become less distorted. Similarly, Fukumoto e ...
... money supply targeting rule in stabilizing China’s economy. Chen, et al (2011) argue that the effectiveness of non-standard forms of monetary policy, such as “window guidance” for commercial bank lending levels, are likely to diminish as financial markets become less distorted. Similarly, Fukumoto e ...
Fiscal Policy and external imbalances in a debt
... produce smaller short-run positive output effects. Thus, “fiscal multipliers” seem, more than ever, very dependent on the fiscal measure implemented, on its impact on financing costs, and on expectations on future growth, so that it is very likely that using a single number to characterize the short ...
... produce smaller short-run positive output effects. Thus, “fiscal multipliers” seem, more than ever, very dependent on the fiscal measure implemented, on its impact on financing costs, and on expectations on future growth, so that it is very likely that using a single number to characterize the short ...
E B conomic Statistics in runei Darussalam
... National Statistical Website: www.depd.gov.bn/dept_dos.html Population (thousands, 2014): 423.2 ...
... National Statistical Website: www.depd.gov.bn/dept_dos.html Population (thousands, 2014): 423.2 ...
Institutions and the Impact of Government Spending on Growth
... for Latin America, East Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa; and various government expenditures as a percentage of GDP. As discussed above, tax revenue as a percent of GDP is included in the specifications to control for the effect of financing expenditures. However, the availability of tax revenue data r ...
... for Latin America, East Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa; and various government expenditures as a percentage of GDP. As discussed above, tax revenue as a percent of GDP is included in the specifications to control for the effect of financing expenditures. However, the availability of tax revenue data r ...
Historical Experience with Low Inflation
... as little as possible, and a good way to do that is through debt. In such a debt contract the investor receives a fixed sum negotiated ex ante in all states of the world in which the entrepreneur can pay, and in those states of the world in which the entrepreneur cannot pay his or her rights are ext ...
... as little as possible, and a good way to do that is through debt. In such a debt contract the investor receives a fixed sum negotiated ex ante in all states of the world in which the entrepreneur can pay, and in those states of the world in which the entrepreneur cannot pay his or her rights are ext ...
Impetus-attenuated Resource City Transformation Strategy Thought—Take Handan as an Example
... capital broke through 1000 USD, and the GDP per capital’s annual increase is 11.3%. At the same time of quick increase of economy and society, with the large exploration of resources, the effect of dominant industry to city development had been gradually weakened. In the enlargement of employment, i ...
... capital broke through 1000 USD, and the GDP per capital’s annual increase is 11.3%. At the same time of quick increase of economy and society, with the large exploration of resources, the effect of dominant industry to city development had been gradually weakened. In the enlargement of employment, i ...
Fox, S. (2012). Urbanization as a global historical process: theory
... The traditional economic theory of urbanization, which has dominated in both academic and policy circles since the 1950s, revolves around the relationship between structural economic change and the spatial dynamics of the labor market. The premise is straightforward: as the modern urban sector (i.e. ...
... The traditional economic theory of urbanization, which has dominated in both academic and policy circles since the 1950s, revolves around the relationship between structural economic change and the spatial dynamics of the labor market. The premise is straightforward: as the modern urban sector (i.e. ...
36 development of human resources in central and south america
... In addition to learning and OD being used for the unleashing of human expertise within an organizational context (Swanson and Holton 2009), HRD can also be conceptualized as existing for the betterment of communities and nations (McLean and McLean 2001). NHRD involves the relationship between govern ...
... In addition to learning and OD being used for the unleashing of human expertise within an organizational context (Swanson and Holton 2009), HRD can also be conceptualized as existing for the betterment of communities and nations (McLean and McLean 2001). NHRD involves the relationship between govern ...
When the North Last Headed South
... money did expand, but by too little to offset increases in desired currency and reserve holdings, as detailed by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz (1963) and by Philip Cagan (1965).8 In the second act, President Roosevelt’s decision to devalue relative to gold in 1933 triggered an expansion in the m ...
... money did expand, but by too little to offset increases in desired currency and reserve holdings, as detailed by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz (1963) and by Philip Cagan (1965).8 In the second act, President Roosevelt’s decision to devalue relative to gold in 1933 triggered an expansion in the m ...
Historical Experience with Low Inflation
... forecast changes the balance of macroeconomic risks and opportunities. The risk of debt-deflation-mediated recessions is somewhat higher because a low trend rate of goods-and-services price index inflation somewhat increases the chances of deflation, but it does not raise such risks as much as one m ...
... forecast changes the balance of macroeconomic risks and opportunities. The risk of debt-deflation-mediated recessions is somewhat higher because a low trend rate of goods-and-services price index inflation somewhat increases the chances of deflation, but it does not raise such risks as much as one m ...
III. Low Inflation and Real Interest Rates
... increases the chances of deflation, but it does not raise such risks as much as one might think. The failure of the Fisher effect to hold empirically means that a low inflation era will in all likelihood be a high real interest rate era. But such high real interest rates do not appear to significant ...
... increases the chances of deflation, but it does not raise such risks as much as one might think. The failure of the Fisher effect to hold empirically means that a low inflation era will in all likelihood be a high real interest rate era. But such high real interest rates do not appear to significant ...
Aggregate Demand
... past 50 years economic ac8vity in Australia has increased by about 2% per annum). In some years, however, this growth does not occur. A recession is a period of declining real incomes ...
... past 50 years economic ac8vity in Australia has increased by about 2% per annum). In some years, however, this growth does not occur. A recession is a period of declining real incomes ...
Stabilization Policy and Boom-Bust Cycles. Monetary and Macro
... Should monetary policy lean against booms in asset prices and financial variables? Or should financial stability goals be pursued by other instruments, such as LTV ratio (LTV henceforth) ratios? The literature on asset-price movements and monetary policy mainly relies on models of exogenous bubbles, a ...
... Should monetary policy lean against booms in asset prices and financial variables? Or should financial stability goals be pursued by other instruments, such as LTV ratio (LTV henceforth) ratios? The literature on asset-price movements and monetary policy mainly relies on models of exogenous bubbles, a ...
Inflation Targeting, Employment Creation and Economic Development:
... adopting inflation targeting. This position is recently complemented by a study of the IMF economists, who, using a complex econometric model and policy simulations, report findings that inflation targeting economies experience reductions in the volatility in inflation, without experiencing increase ...
... adopting inflation targeting. This position is recently complemented by a study of the IMF economists, who, using a complex econometric model and policy simulations, report findings that inflation targeting economies experience reductions in the volatility in inflation, without experiencing increase ...
Employment-Oriented Central Bank Policy in an Integrated World Economy:
... banks try to achieve some balance among important targets, for example unemployment and inflation. (Blinder, 1998) International evidence, which I will discuss in some detail, indicates that inflation targeting fails to achieve the promise its advocates have claimed for it and that other approaches ...
... banks try to achieve some balance among important targets, for example unemployment and inflation. (Blinder, 1998) International evidence, which I will discuss in some detail, indicates that inflation targeting fails to achieve the promise its advocates have claimed for it and that other approaches ...
Quantitative Easing and Proposals for Reform of Monetary Policy
... Beyond its original mission to “furnish an elastic currency” as lender of last resort and manager of the payments system, the Federal Reserve has always been responsible (along with the Treasury) for regulating and supervising member banks. After World War II, Congress directed the Fed to pursue a d ...
... Beyond its original mission to “furnish an elastic currency” as lender of last resort and manager of the payments system, the Federal Reserve has always been responsible (along with the Treasury) for regulating and supervising member banks. After World War II, Congress directed the Fed to pursue a d ...
D.C.A. Curtis. Monetary Policy Rules in Canada in the 1990s.
... conditions in the 1990’s that contributed to economic growth and inflation control. Productivity growth also enhances the economy’s inflation and growth performance from the supply side. It increases output at the same time as it reduces the resource costs of production. Productivity is measured her ...
... conditions in the 1990’s that contributed to economic growth and inflation control. Productivity growth also enhances the economy’s inflation and growth performance from the supply side. It increases output at the same time as it reduces the resource costs of production. Productivity is measured her ...
Post–World War II economic expansion
""Golden Age of capitalism"" redirects here. Other periods this term may refer to are Gilded Age and Belle Époque.The post–World War II economic expansion, also known as the postwar economic boom, the long boom, and the Golden Age of Capitalism, was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the 1973 oil crisis, and the 1973–1974 stock market crash, which led to the 1970s recession. Narrowly defined, the period spanned from 1945 to 1952, with overall growth lasting well until 1971, though there are some debates on dating the period, and booms in individual countries differed, some starting as early as 1945, and overlapping the rise of the East Asian economies into the 1980s or 1990s.During this time there was high worldwide economic growth; Western European and East Asian countries in particular experienced unusually high and sustained growth, together with full employment. Contrary to early predictions, this high growth also included many countries that had been devastated by the war, such as Greece (Greek economic miracle), West Germany (Wirtschaftswunder), France (Trente Glorieuses), Japan (Japanese post-war economic miracle), and Italy (Italian economic miracle).