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The facts about: Preimplantation Genetic
The facts about: Preimplantation Genetic

... has a normal number of chromosomes and hence has the best chance of pregnancy. Some patients seeking fertility treatment may themselves have particular errors in their chromosomes called translocations. This is where a section of one chromosome has broken off and attached to another, or has perhaps ...
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... and Yap Eye Hospital. All samples were deparaffinized and cut in slices. Then it was stained using DO-7 humanized monoclonal antibody to observe the expression of p53 and the presence of HPV was detected by mouse monoclonal antibody K1H8 staining. Result: There were 15 samples that were included in ...
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Practical Medical Microbiology PHT382
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... burning, itching, dyspareunia, and dysuria. They will often have a white clumpy discharge. Women with classic vaginal itch who have a history of yeast vaginitis or are at risk (such as from recent antibiotic therapy) may reasonably treat themselves empirically without further testing, but empiric tr ...
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... explants were transferred to fresh tissue culture plates. Explants were exposed to HIV-1 BaL (2h, 37oC) on Day 0, 2, 4 or 6 post compound treatment. After virus was removed, explants were cultured overnight prior to transfer to fresh culture plates. Any cells which had migrated from the tissue were ...
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Nanophysical approach to diagnosis of epithelial

... fibres, therefore the nutrients are transferred through the capillary system by diffusion. The glandular epithelium is composed of one row of cells which produce mucus. These two types of epithelia converge at a place called the transformation zone. This zone proliferates under the influence of sex ...
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Pap test



The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, known earlier as Pap smear, cervical smear, or smear test) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb). Abnormal findings are often followed up by more sensitive diagnostic procedures, and, if warranted, interventions that aim to prevent progression to cervical cancer. The test was invented by and named after the prominent Greek doctor Georgios Papanikolaou.A Pap smear is performed by opening the vaginal canal with a speculum, then collecting cells at the outer opening of the cervix at the transformation zone (where the outer squamous cervical cells meet the inner glandular endocervical cells). The collected cells are examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities. The test aims to detect potentially pre-cancerous changes (called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical dysplasia; the squamous intraepithelial lesion system (SIL) is also used to describe abnormalities), which are caused by sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses. The test remains an effective, widely used method for early detection of pre-cancer and cervical cancer. While the test may also detect infections and abnormalities in the endocervix and endometrium, it is not designed to do so.In the United States, Pap smear screening is recommended starting around 21 years of age until the age of 65. Guidelines on frequency vary from every three to five years. If results are abnormal, and depending on the nature of the abnormality, the test may need to be repeated in six to twelve months. If the abnormality requires closer scrutiny, the person may be referred for detailed inspection of the cervix by colposcopy. The person may also be referred for HPV DNA testing, which can serve as an adjunct to Pap testing. Additional biomarkers which may be applied as ancillary tests with the Pap test are evolving.
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