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Design and Analysis of Comparators using 180nm CMOS Technology
Design and Analysis of Comparators using 180nm CMOS Technology

... The use of second inverter is to increase voltage gain and to prevent an unbalanced propagation delay. Keeping the length of the PMOS and NMOS devices fixed, we can get desired values by changing only the width of the PMOS and NMOS transistors. We take the assumption that both transistors are in the ...
Handbook of Secondary Storage Batteries and Charge Regulators
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... communication devices, TV stations and homes. The major purpose of this handbook is to collect some of the essential information needed by the photovoltaic system designer as an overview of the requirements for the battery energy storage subsystem and its charge control equipment. This handbook prov ...
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... Insulation resistance testing is done by applying a voltage between a conductor and the equipment frame or ground. On transformers, insulation resistance is also measured between the primary and secondary windings. All insulation resistance test devices contain a voltage source and a method of measu ...
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Power Distribution Systems
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Rectifier



A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a ""cat's whisker"" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or ""crystal detector"".Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame.Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of rectification alone produces a DC current that, though unidirectional, consists of pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC current (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter (usually a capacitor) to produce a steady current.More complex circuitry that performs the opposite function, converting DC to AC, is called an inverter.
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