3.8 Case study: 21 cm line in the interstellar medium
... where fe (v) is the electron distribution function. The averaging over the Maxwell distribution could be done approximately just by substituting the thermal electron velocity for v. This yields, with account of (4.8) r IH Z 2 σT c ...
... where fe (v) is the electron distribution function. The averaging over the Maxwell distribution could be done approximately just by substituting the thermal electron velocity for v. This yields, with account of (4.8) r IH Z 2 σT c ...
Basic Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
... bremsstrahlung photon. After the passage of the length ‘f, the electron and emitted photon can be considered as independent particles. The estimation of this spatial scale can be found from classical electrodynamics (see, for example, [5]). In this approach, the charge, which passes through a rather ...
... bremsstrahlung photon. After the passage of the length ‘f, the electron and emitted photon can be considered as independent particles. The estimation of this spatial scale can be found from classical electrodynamics (see, for example, [5]). In this approach, the charge, which passes through a rather ...
Document
... INDIVIDUAL QUANTUM SYSTEMS: photons of electromagnetic field @ 51.1 ГГц ( ~ 6 mm); number of photons – from 1 to about 10. ...
... INDIVIDUAL QUANTUM SYSTEMS: photons of electromagnetic field @ 51.1 ГГц ( ~ 6 mm); number of photons – from 1 to about 10. ...
CH 27 – Quantum Physics
... Quantum mechanics was developed in the early part of the 1900’s in order to explain some observations that could not be explained by classical physics. One of these was Blackbody Radiation. All objects emit electromagnetic radiation by virtue of their thermal energy. The radiation consists of a dist ...
... Quantum mechanics was developed in the early part of the 1900’s in order to explain some observations that could not be explained by classical physics. One of these was Blackbody Radiation. All objects emit electromagnetic radiation by virtue of their thermal energy. The radiation consists of a dist ...
Laser - nptel
... Collision of atoms and molecules among themselves interrupts a radiative transition. If an atom which is emitting a radiation suddenly collides with another atom, the process of radiation is interrupted. the radiating atom starts its motion after such a collision with a completely random phase witho ...
... Collision of atoms and molecules among themselves interrupts a radiative transition. If an atom which is emitting a radiation suddenly collides with another atom, the process of radiation is interrupted. the radiating atom starts its motion after such a collision with a completely random phase witho ...
Chapter 40
... Multiple waves are superimposed so that one of its crests is at x = 0. The result is that all the waves add constructively at x = 0. There is destructive interference at every point except x = 0. The small region of constructive interference is called a wave packet. The wave packet can be identifi ...
... Multiple waves are superimposed so that one of its crests is at x = 0. The result is that all the waves add constructively at x = 0. There is destructive interference at every point except x = 0. The small region of constructive interference is called a wave packet. The wave packet can be identifi ...
Lab 11
... In photoelectric emission, light strikes a metal (cathode), causing electrons to get emitted. As a guide, use the following PhET simulation: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric The classical wave model predicts several things about the photoelectric effect: (i) the total energy is s ...
... In photoelectric emission, light strikes a metal (cathode), causing electrons to get emitted. As a guide, use the following PhET simulation: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric The classical wave model predicts several things about the photoelectric effect: (i) the total energy is s ...
CH14 Self Assessment
... To meet an excellent standard I will also be able to: calculate number of photons in a beam given time and energy or power compare mechanical waves with photons (e.g., energy distribution, amplitude versus number of photons, etc.) ...
... To meet an excellent standard I will also be able to: calculate number of photons in a beam given time and energy or power compare mechanical waves with photons (e.g., energy distribution, amplitude versus number of photons, etc.) ...
7. BH thermodynamics. A step towards quantum gravity?
... 7.5. The holographic principle and the world as a hologram. The entropy of a BH is extraordinary large, more than18 orders of magnitude larger than the entropy of an ideal gas of the same mass. Why is this so? To answer this question we first remember that statistical entropy is a measure of our ign ...
... 7.5. The holographic principle and the world as a hologram. The entropy of a BH is extraordinary large, more than18 orders of magnitude larger than the entropy of an ideal gas of the same mass. Why is this so? To answer this question we first remember that statistical entropy is a measure of our ign ...
Lecture 5. Radiation and energy. 1. The most important aspects of
... Radiation can be thought of as a traveling wave. Waves are characterized by wavelength (symbolized by the Greek letter lambda, λ), frequency (symbolized by the Greek letter nu, ν), and speed. ...
... Radiation can be thought of as a traveling wave. Waves are characterized by wavelength (symbolized by the Greek letter lambda, λ), frequency (symbolized by the Greek letter nu, ν), and speed. ...
a case against the first quantization
... and The author has no theoretical basis for proposing this equation; but recalling that the Planck equation was first an empiric relation to which theory was later forced to conform, he has thought that it might be worthy of notice and perhaps of some theoretical consideration by others. (Priest, 19 ...
... and The author has no theoretical basis for proposing this equation; but recalling that the Planck equation was first an empiric relation to which theory was later forced to conform, he has thought that it might be worthy of notice and perhaps of some theoretical consideration by others. (Priest, 19 ...
Instrumental Methods of Analysis
... • Sources: We have mentioned these detectors in our discussion of general features of the absorption spectrophotometer. • Nernst Glower = cylinder composed of rare-earth oxides which is heated to some temperature before current can be passed directly through it. – Since it has a negative temperature ...
... • Sources: We have mentioned these detectors in our discussion of general features of the absorption spectrophotometer. • Nernst Glower = cylinder composed of rare-earth oxides which is heated to some temperature before current can be passed directly through it. – Since it has a negative temperature ...
Lecture 15: Bohr Model of the Atom
... “relaxes” when its electrons go from high E to low E by emitting energy. We can determine the energy difference (ΔE) between the electronic energy levels by measuring the wavelength of the emitted radiation. ΔE = hν=hc/λ ◊ λ = hc/ ΔE If λ = 440 nm, ΔΕ = 4.5 x 10-19 ...
... “relaxes” when its electrons go from high E to low E by emitting energy. We can determine the energy difference (ΔE) between the electronic energy levels by measuring the wavelength of the emitted radiation. ΔE = hν=hc/λ ◊ λ = hc/ ΔE If λ = 440 nm, ΔΕ = 4.5 x 10-19 ...
Friction in Physics and Society - The Racah Institute of Physics
... "hypothesis of light-quanta", according to which the radiant energy, in contradiction to Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light, would not be propagated as electromagnetic waves, but rather as concrete light atoms, each with an energy equal to that of a quantum of radiation. This concept led Eins ...
... "hypothesis of light-quanta", according to which the radiant energy, in contradiction to Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light, would not be propagated as electromagnetic waves, but rather as concrete light atoms, each with an energy equal to that of a quantum of radiation. This concept led Eins ...
Part I
... • The area A of the horizon of a black hole is a non-decreasing function of time; i.e. ΔA ≥ 0. Thermodynamic analogy • The entropy of an isolated system is a non-decreasing function of time; i.e. ΔS ≥ 0. Hawking radiation • If the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum produces a particleantiparticle pa ...
... • The area A of the horizon of a black hole is a non-decreasing function of time; i.e. ΔA ≥ 0. Thermodynamic analogy • The entropy of an isolated system is a non-decreasing function of time; i.e. ΔS ≥ 0. Hawking radiation • If the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum produces a particleantiparticle pa ...
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Theory, Photons, and Light
... Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics: for distinguishable particles In quantum physics for indistinguishable particles: * Bose-Einstein statistics for bosons (particles with integer spin) * Fermi-Dirac statistics for fermions (particles with integer+half spins) Photons are bosons - many photons can simultan ...
... Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics: for distinguishable particles In quantum physics for indistinguishable particles: * Bose-Einstein statistics for bosons (particles with integer spin) * Fermi-Dirac statistics for fermions (particles with integer+half spins) Photons are bosons - many photons can simultan ...
department of physics
... 10. Understand the thermodynamics of phase transformations 11. Understand and apply Boltzmann statistics 12. Understand the Maxwell velocity distribution for molecules in an ideal gas 13. Compute partition functions for simple physical systems and to obtain the thermodynamic potentials from it 14. U ...
... 10. Understand the thermodynamics of phase transformations 11. Understand and apply Boltzmann statistics 12. Understand the Maxwell velocity distribution for molecules in an ideal gas 13. Compute partition functions for simple physical systems and to obtain the thermodynamic potentials from it 14. U ...
Planck`s law as a consequence of the zeropoint radiation field
... discrete interchange of energy among field and matter oscillators. In the present derivation, the Planck distribution appears as a direct consequence of the zeropoint energy being different from zero. It should be stressed that the hypotheses used in the derivation, namely that the equilibrium field ...
... discrete interchange of energy among field and matter oscillators. In the present derivation, the Planck distribution appears as a direct consequence of the zeropoint energy being different from zero. It should be stressed that the hypotheses used in the derivation, namely that the equilibrium field ...
lect1-4
... circumstances, the predictions of wave theory are wrong and it was the study of those cases which led to the development of the quantum theory. The Intereference Theory of Light was a success for wave theory. The two slit experiment of Thomas Young ...
... circumstances, the predictions of wave theory are wrong and it was the study of those cases which led to the development of the quantum theory. The Intereference Theory of Light was a success for wave theory. The two slit experiment of Thomas Young ...
ExamView Pro
... 1. A quantum of electromagnetic radiation is a a. wave function. b. photon. c. de Broglie wave. d. laser. e. hologram. 2. The energy associated with a photon of blue light is _____ the energy associated with a photon of red light. a. greater than b. less than c. equal to d. unrelated to 3. An excite ...
... 1. A quantum of electromagnetic radiation is a a. wave function. b. photon. c. de Broglie wave. d. laser. e. hologram. 2. The energy associated with a photon of blue light is _____ the energy associated with a photon of red light. a. greater than b. less than c. equal to d. unrelated to 3. An excite ...
Optomechanics Experiments
... Micromirror oscillators AlGaAs layers forming a Bragg mirror ~ 1 to 5 mm long, ~10 μm supports, 50 to 100 μm mirror pads Fundamental frequency ~ 200 Hz Q factor ~ 2x105 at 5 K Mass ~ 250 nanograms Reflectivity ~ 99.982% Very fragile Power handling: breaks at >100 mW of incident powe ...
... Micromirror oscillators AlGaAs layers forming a Bragg mirror ~ 1 to 5 mm long, ~10 μm supports, 50 to 100 μm mirror pads Fundamental frequency ~ 200 Hz Q factor ~ 2x105 at 5 K Mass ~ 250 nanograms Reflectivity ~ 99.982% Very fragile Power handling: breaks at >100 mW of incident powe ...
Practice Quiz
... A. Spontaneous emission emits photons in random directions at random times B. Stimulated emission emits photons in random directions and random times C. Both spontaneous emission and stimulated emission emit photons in random directions and random times D. Both spontaneous emission and stimulated em ...
... A. Spontaneous emission emits photons in random directions at random times B. Stimulated emission emits photons in random directions and random times C. Both spontaneous emission and stimulated emission emit photons in random directions and random times D. Both spontaneous emission and stimulated em ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... phenomena have been implemented in the past 25 years. Quantum phenomena are described in terms of concepts of quantum mechanics. The beginning of quantum mechanics is conventionally set at 1900, when Max Planck proposed a new formula for the intensity of emission of electromagnetic radiation in the ...
... phenomena have been implemented in the past 25 years. Quantum phenomena are described in terms of concepts of quantum mechanics. The beginning of quantum mechanics is conventionally set at 1900, when Max Planck proposed a new formula for the intensity of emission of electromagnetic radiation in the ...
Laser and its applications
... agitation causes a constant motion of the atoms between low and high energy levels. In the absence of any applied electromagnetic radiation the distribution of the atoms in their various allowed states is governed by Boltzman’s law which states that: ...
... agitation causes a constant motion of the atoms between low and high energy levels. In the absence of any applied electromagnetic radiation the distribution of the atoms in their various allowed states is governed by Boltzman’s law which states that: ...