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... •  Mitochondria  are  only  passed  along  from  the   mother,  because  they  are  present  in  the  egg   at  fer/liza/on,  while  the  sperm  contributes   only  its  nucleus  to  the  egg  (no  cytoplasm,   and  thus  no  organelles ...
Lecture 21: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
Lecture 21: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis

... Last week, we saw that we can use known information about gene functions and gene relationships to help understand the biology behind a list of differentially expressed genes: • Derive a list of significantly differentially expressed genes, while controlling for false discovery, • Determine pathways ...
I = -[1/3*log 2 (1/3)+ 1/3*log 2 (1/3)+ 1/3*log 2 (1/3)] + 4.32 = 2.73
I = -[1/3*log 2 (1/3)+ 1/3*log 2 (1/3)+ 1/3*log 2 (1/3)] + 4.32 = 2.73

... • Meta data available i.e. Support information about a gene • Experimental evidence like EST • Predicted gene structures • SNP information • Links to many databases ...
The eyeless homeodomain is dispensable for eye development in
The eyeless homeodomain is dispensable for eye development in

... was able to efficiently rescue the eye phenotype of ey2 mutants when expressed in the eye disc under the control of the eye-specific ey enhancer (Halder et al. 1998). To assess the contribution of the EY DNA-binding domains to eye development, we expressed mutant ey cDNAs with ey-enhancer Gal4 in an ...
On epistasis: why it is unimportant in polygenic directional selection
On epistasis: why it is unimportant in polygenic directional selection

TEXT Definition Chromosomal alterations are variations from the
TEXT Definition Chromosomal alterations are variations from the

... months. Similar to Edward’s Syndrome; death within 03 months. Retarded development of female sex organs; sterility. Poor male sex organ development, breast development, ...
The Birth- and- Death Evolution of Multigene Families Revisited
The Birth- and- Death Evolution of Multigene Families Revisited

... Gene families can be classified according to a number of criteria [3, 5, 6]. Such criteria may include, for example, (1) function, (2) how members are distributed across the genome, and (3) the primary mechanism responsible for generating the families in question. For instance, gene families have be ...
Popped Secret: The Mysterious Origin of Corn HHMI BioInteractive
Popped Secret: The Mysterious Origin of Corn HHMI BioInteractive

... A. The teosinte kernels became enclosed in an even tougher fruit case. B. The teosinte plants that resulted looked like maize in every feature. C. The teosinte plants had two kinds of kernels, some with no fruit case at all and some with an intact fruit case. D. The teosinte kernels were partially e ...
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

... That means that a recessive allele is passed on by each parent. When recessive traits are expressed, the ancestry of the person expressing the trait is followed for several generations to determine which parents and grandparents were carriers of the recessive allele. Predicting disorders ...
B.2 Specific Aims. The term `epigenetics` literally means `above the
B.2 Specific Aims. The term `epigenetics` literally means `above the

... modifications of gene expression potential[1]. DNA methylation is one molecular mechanism mediating epigenetic phenomena, and indicates the covalent transfer of a methyl group to the carbon at position 5 of cytosine residues,[2] usually within regions of DNA in which cytosine occurs next to a guanin ...
1. Science and God - How Do They Relate - hss-1.us
1. Science and God - How Do They Relate - hss-1.us

... • Preprophase: In plant cells only, prophase is preceded by a preprophase stage. In highly vacuolated plant cells, the nucleus has to migrate into the center of the cell before mitosis can begin. This is achieved through the formation of a phragmosome, a transverse sheet of cytoplasm that bisects th ...
05 Chapter heredity
05 Chapter heredity

... process has been used to make large volumes of medicines and research is being conducted to find many other ways to use these ...
Title: FISH analysis comparing the gene composition of the Onager
Title: FISH analysis comparing the gene composition of the Onager

... and Research for Endangered Species3, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92027 The onager [E. hemionus onager, EHO] and the domestic horse [E. caballus, ECA] have evolved over the course of 3.7 million years. The closely related EHO and ECA have diploid chromosome numbers of 2n=56 and 2n ...
1. (a) (i) A gene controlling coat colour in cats is sex linked. The two
1. (a) (i) A gene controlling coat colour in cats is sex linked. The two

... in seahorses is known as disruptive selection. This is where the extreme phenotypes are more likely to survive and reproduce than the intermediate phenotypes. (b) ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
Sample pages 2 PDF

... investigated without the need to construct a pedigree. However, a GWAS is a major undertaking in terms of both sample size and construction of marker maps, if such genomic resources are not already available for the species in question. A complementary approach to genetic mapping is transcriptome-wi ...
Polymorphisms in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in Plasmodium
Polymorphisms in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in Plasmodium

... low density of parasitemia. According to Scopel et al,13 the low mean of parasitemia cause negative PCR result. Besides, sensitivity of malaria parasite to be detected by PCR was influenced by the method of sampling and storage. Improper blood storage cause DNA fragmentation, thus making it difficul ...
A Revised Li-Sacks Formula For Calculating the
A Revised Li-Sacks Formula For Calculating the

... is usually used for linkage analysis (reject or accept the null hypothesis of no linkage) instead of segregation analysis (reject or accept a particular disease model). For the latter, one needs to calculate the expected probability of IBD proportion under a given disease model. For complex diseases ...
Chapter 9 Notes - schallesbiology
Chapter 9 Notes - schallesbiology

... is intermediate between phenotypes of the parents. • The dominant allele is unable to express itself fully. • Example: Japanese four o’clock flowers ...
this PDF file - Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences
this PDF file - Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences

... to environmental stresses (34). Duplication events in Lonicera japonica 1 and Lonicera japonica 2 in clades 9 and 10, Populus tomentosa 3 and Populus stomentosa 1 & 4 in clade 13 and 15, also in Trifolium pratense 1 and Trifolium pratense 3 in subclade 17 and 25 (Figure 1) can be identified in the p ...
Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes
Linkage, Recombination, and the Mapping of Genes on Chromosomes

... • Mitotic recombination: Rarely, recombination occurs during mitosis. In multicellular organisms, mitotic recombination can produce genetic mosaicism in which different cells have different genotypes. ...
American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics
American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics

... average proportion of the autosomal genome that is IBD in the offspring of related parents is given by the coefficient of inbreeding (F).4 For example, on average, 6.25% or 1/16th of the genome of offspring of first cousins (F = 1/16) is IBD. Although the coefficient of inbreeding provides a theoret ...
11 Molecular Diagnostics
11 Molecular Diagnostics

... difference compared to a reference standard that is present in at least 1–2% of a population. ...
7. Hair color explanations - Ask a Geneticist
7. Hair color explanations - Ask a Geneticist

MGI-Guidelines for Nomenclature of Genes, Genetic Markers
MGI-Guidelines for Nomenclature of Genes, Genetic Markers

... Historically, many gene families have been identified as fragments detected by hybridization to the same probe but which map to different loci. These family members may be functional genes or pseudogenes. The loci can be named "related sequence" of the founder gene with a serial number (symbol -rs1, ...
current micro 40/5 - Bashan Foundation
current micro 40/5 - Bashan Foundation

... heterocysts gave ambiguous results. Therefore, transcription of both hup and hox genes has been analyzed in both heterocysts and vegetative cells of A. variabilis. A hupL transcript is detectable in heterocysts and also, though less extensive but clearly discernible, in vegetative cells of NH4⫹-grow ...
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Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting is the epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele from the mother is expressed. If the allele from the mother is imprinted, then only the allele from the father is expressed. Forms of genomic imprinting have been demonstrated in fungi, plants and animals. Genomic imprinting is a fairly rare phenomenon in mammals; most genes are not imprinted.In insects, imprinting affects entire chromosomes. In some insects the entire paternal genome is silenced in male offspring, and thus is involved in sex determination. The imprinting produces effects similar to the mechanisms in other insects that eliminate paternally inherited chromosomes in male offspring, including arrhenotoky.Genomic imprinting is an inheritance process independent of the classical Mendelian inheritance. It is an epigenetic process that involves DNA methylation and histone methylation without altering the genetic sequence. These epigenetic marks are established (""imprinted"") in the germline (sperm or egg cells) of the parents and are maintained through mitotic cell divisions in the somatic cells of an organism.Appropriate imprinting of certain genes is important for normal development. Human diseases involving genomic imprinting include Angelman syndrome and Prader–Willi syndrome.
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