fitness landscapes in orchids
... model for how to test the observed data. An additional limitation is that environmental effects can result in biases due to environmental covariances between traits and fitness (Rauscher, 1992), although this is applicable to both methods. The challenge is detecting when a specific factor of the env ...
... model for how to test the observed data. An additional limitation is that environmental effects can result in biases due to environmental covariances between traits and fitness (Rauscher, 1992), although this is applicable to both methods. The challenge is detecting when a specific factor of the env ...
Mate choice evolution, dominance effects, and the
... Female mate choice influences the maintenance of genetic variation by altering the mating success of males with different genotypes. The evolution of preferences themselves, on the other hand, depends on genetic variation present in the population. Few models have tracked this feedback between a choi ...
... Female mate choice influences the maintenance of genetic variation by altering the mating success of males with different genotypes. The evolution of preferences themselves, on the other hand, depends on genetic variation present in the population. Few models have tracked this feedback between a choi ...
Review Control of Male Sexual Behavior in
... with a variety of courtship problems, including severe reduction or absence of courtship towards females, failure to produce the pulse-song component of courtship song, increased levels of inter-male courtship, and failure to attempt copulation [19,25–30,36,40,41]. Although certain fru mutant combin ...
... with a variety of courtship problems, including severe reduction or absence of courtship towards females, failure to produce the pulse-song component of courtship song, increased levels of inter-male courtship, and failure to attempt copulation [19,25–30,36,40,41]. Although certain fru mutant combin ...
Mate choice for indirect genetic benefits: scrutiny of the current
... 2. However, the relative importance of mate choice for indirect benefits in comparison to choice for direct benefits or to other mechanisms of sexual selection such as male– male competition or sensory exploitation remains a controversial issue, and this seems to be forgotten in many empirical studi ...
... 2. However, the relative importance of mate choice for indirect benefits in comparison to choice for direct benefits or to other mechanisms of sexual selection such as male– male competition or sensory exploitation remains a controversial issue, and this seems to be forgotten in many empirical studi ...
Review Control of Male Sexual Behavior in Drosophila by the Sex
... with a variety of courtship problems, including severe reduction or absence of courtship towards females, failure to produce the pulse-song component of courtship song, increased levels of inter-male courtship, and failure to attempt copulation [19,25–30,36,40,41]. Although certain fru mutant combin ...
... with a variety of courtship problems, including severe reduction or absence of courtship towards females, failure to produce the pulse-song component of courtship song, increased levels of inter-male courtship, and failure to attempt copulation [19,25–30,36,40,41]. Although certain fru mutant combin ...
A dynamic deterministic model to optimize a multiple
... Selection. Different selection steps after year t = 1 can be considered for males and females (Figure 1). For the last selection step, males and females are distributed in 2 categories, elite and not elite. The selection rate Wsac can vary at each step for males and females. The expression for Wsac ...
... Selection. Different selection steps after year t = 1 can be considered for males and females (Figure 1). For the last selection step, males and females are distributed in 2 categories, elite and not elite. The selection rate Wsac can vary at each step for males and females. The expression for Wsac ...
Superb starlings - Columbia University
... breeders per group during the short rains. The remaining nonbreeding birds are a mix of helpers that provision nestlings and nonbreeder/nonhelpers that neither provision offspring nor breed, but can play an important role in defending nests from predators (Rubenstein 2007b). This category includes b ...
... breeders per group during the short rains. The remaining nonbreeding birds are a mix of helpers that provision nestlings and nonbreeder/nonhelpers that neither provision offspring nor breed, but can play an important role in defending nests from predators (Rubenstein 2007b). This category includes b ...
ASSORTATIVE MATING BY FITNESS AND SEXUALLY
... 2005; Pan et al. 2007) and Fry (2010) suggested that cases where hm + hf < 1 may be the norm for SA genetic variation because fitness functions should tend to be concave around sex-specific trait optima: whichever allele is beneficial in a given sex, this allele should be partly dominant in that sex ...
... 2005; Pan et al. 2007) and Fry (2010) suggested that cases where hm + hf < 1 may be the norm for SA genetic variation because fitness functions should tend to be concave around sex-specific trait optima: whichever allele is beneficial in a given sex, this allele should be partly dominant in that sex ...
Mating ecology explains patterns of genome elimination
... those chromosomes that they inherited from a particular parent (Table 1 and Fig. 1; Burt & Trivers 2006). For example, in the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, a male’s sperm carry only the chromosomes he inherited from his mother, all paternal chromosomes having been eliminated, whereas a female’s ...
... those chromosomes that they inherited from a particular parent (Table 1 and Fig. 1; Burt & Trivers 2006). For example, in the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, a male’s sperm carry only the chromosomes he inherited from his mother, all paternal chromosomes having been eliminated, whereas a female’s ...
file
... mating. For simplicity, we assume additive gene action at this locus and no gene interactions with the viability locus. Since under additive gene action a locus with diploid inheritance is functioning like a haploid locus we let the choice locus obey haploid inheritance, with half the offspring inhe ...
... mating. For simplicity, we assume additive gene action at this locus and no gene interactions with the viability locus. Since under additive gene action a locus with diploid inheritance is functioning like a haploid locus we let the choice locus obey haploid inheritance, with half the offspring inhe ...
SEX DETERMINATION, SEX LINKAGE, AND PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
... usually depends on a very complicated series of developmental changes under genetic and hormonal control. However, often one or a few genes can determine which pathway of development an organism takes. Those switch genes are located on the sex chromosomes, a heteromorphic pair of chromosomes, when t ...
... usually depends on a very complicated series of developmental changes under genetic and hormonal control. However, often one or a few genes can determine which pathway of development an organism takes. Those switch genes are located on the sex chromosomes, a heteromorphic pair of chromosomes, when t ...
WARDS Lab 7 - Genetics of Drosophila
... Based on the laws of segregation and independent assortment, a Punnett square is extremely important in determining the outcome of crosses in Mendelian genetics; it clearly displays the possible combinations in chart form. The simplest Punnett square to construct is for a monohybrid cross. A good ex ...
... Based on the laws of segregation and independent assortment, a Punnett square is extremely important in determining the outcome of crosses in Mendelian genetics; it clearly displays the possible combinations in chart form. The simplest Punnett square to construct is for a monohybrid cross. A good ex ...
A STUDY OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILITY OF
... only Z Z Q / Z . ~ ~and ZZ‘/ZZ~~ showed the presence of ducts or spermathecae. The almondex gene apparently has no visible effect on the female genitalia. Homozygous amx females were normal, and all lozengelamx compounds were phenotypically no more extreme than the lozenge/Zz+ females. Dissections o ...
... only Z Z Q / Z . ~ ~and ZZ‘/ZZ~~ showed the presence of ducts or spermathecae. The almondex gene apparently has no visible effect on the female genitalia. Homozygous amx females were normal, and all lozengelamx compounds were phenotypically no more extreme than the lozenge/Zz+ females. Dissections o ...
Evaluating the Rapid Divergence of Male Genitalia in Sibling
... biologists do not fully understand why this divergence occurs (Eberhard 1985). The literature (Eberhard 1985; Robertson 1988; Polak and Simmons 2009) includes in the definition of genitalia not only the inseminating, or primary, organs but also the secondary organs involved in copulation. Stimulatio ...
... biologists do not fully understand why this divergence occurs (Eberhard 1985). The literature (Eberhard 1985; Robertson 1988; Polak and Simmons 2009) includes in the definition of genitalia not only the inseminating, or primary, organs but also the secondary organs involved in copulation. Stimulatio ...
Sexual selection when the female directly benefits
... female preference and male trait evolve jointly to ever higher degrees of exaggeration, until a point is reached at which the benefit to females from pairing with males in good condition is exactly balanced by the costs to her of the elaborate trait on which her choice is based. Interestingly, at th ...
... female preference and male trait evolve jointly to ever higher degrees of exaggeration, until a point is reached at which the benefit to females from pairing with males in good condition is exactly balanced by the costs to her of the elaborate trait on which her choice is based. Interestingly, at th ...
www.downloadmela.com - world`s number one free essays website
... using Drosophila in the early 1900's to study genes and their relation to certain chromosomes(Biology 263). Scientists have located over 500 genes on the four chromosomes in the fly. There are many advantages in using Drosophila for these types of studies. Drosophila melanogaster can lay hundreds of ...
... using Drosophila in the early 1900's to study genes and their relation to certain chromosomes(Biology 263). Scientists have located over 500 genes on the four chromosomes in the fly. There are many advantages in using Drosophila for these types of studies. Drosophila melanogaster can lay hundreds of ...
Pedigree Puzzle - Blue Valley Schools
... Studying inheritance in humans is more difficult than studying inheritance in fruit flies or pea plants. For obvious reasons, geneticists studying humans cannot set up breeding experiments to study the resulting offspring! Clearly, other approaches must be used when studying human genetics. Family t ...
... Studying inheritance in humans is more difficult than studying inheritance in fruit flies or pea plants. For obvious reasons, geneticists studying humans cannot set up breeding experiments to study the resulting offspring! Clearly, other approaches must be used when studying human genetics. Family t ...
Puzzling Pedigrees - Blue Valley Schools
... Studying inheritance in humans is more difficult than studying inheritance in fruit flies or pea plants. For obvious reasons, geneticists studying humans cannot set up breeding experiments to study the resulting offspring! Clearly, other approaches must be used when studying human genetics. Family t ...
... Studying inheritance in humans is more difficult than studying inheritance in fruit flies or pea plants. For obvious reasons, geneticists studying humans cannot set up breeding experiments to study the resulting offspring! Clearly, other approaches must be used when studying human genetics. Family t ...
SEX DETERMINATION AND SEX CHROMOSOMES
... Dosage compensation refers to the phenomenon in which the level of expression of many genes on the sex chromosomes (e.g., the X chromosome) is similar in both sexes, even though males and females have a different complement of sex chromosomes. This term was coined in 1932 by Hermann Muller to explai ...
... Dosage compensation refers to the phenomenon in which the level of expression of many genes on the sex chromosomes (e.g., the X chromosome) is similar in both sexes, even though males and females have a different complement of sex chromosomes. This term was coined in 1932 by Hermann Muller to explai ...
The mating system of the brown bear Ursus arctos
... seasonal polyoestrous in female brown bears, in which two cycles were separated by four to 18 days of sexual inactivity. Stenhouse et al. (2005) suggested that polyoestry is common in free-living female brown bears, because 51% of the reproducing females that they monitored engaged in more than one ...
... seasonal polyoestrous in female brown bears, in which two cycles were separated by four to 18 days of sexual inactivity. Stenhouse et al. (2005) suggested that polyoestry is common in free-living female brown bears, because 51% of the reproducing females that they monitored engaged in more than one ...
Adam Capriola
... to progeny by different inheritance mechanisms. One mechanism, autosomal inheritance, involves the passing of a gene found on an X chromosome coded for by two alleles. In most cases, there is one dominant allele and one recessive allele, in which trait coded for on the dominant allele shows over th ...
... to progeny by different inheritance mechanisms. One mechanism, autosomal inheritance, involves the passing of a gene found on an X chromosome coded for by two alleles. In most cases, there is one dominant allele and one recessive allele, in which trait coded for on the dominant allele shows over th ...
University of Groningen Sex determination in the haplodiploid
... 3.3. Fertilization sex determination (FSD) 3.6. Genomic imprinting sex determination (GISD) Whiting [33] suggested that fertilization determines the sex of an embryo, i.e. unfertilized eggs become males, and fertilized eggs become females. It was rejected for Nasonia based on crosses with males that ...
... 3.3. Fertilization sex determination (FSD) 3.6. Genomic imprinting sex determination (GISD) Whiting [33] suggested that fertilization determines the sex of an embryo, i.e. unfertilized eggs become males, and fertilized eggs become females. It was rejected for Nasonia based on crosses with males that ...
Knackstedt, K.A., H.B. Thorpe, C.R. Santangelo, M.A. Balinski, and R
... The lab permits an introduction to the analysis and genetic basis of quantitative traits, with no more investment of time or resources than that required to teach Mendelian genetic lab exercises using Drosophila. It is inexpensive, concept-rich and investigative, permits the introduction of parametr ...
... The lab permits an introduction to the analysis and genetic basis of quantitative traits, with no more investment of time or resources than that required to teach Mendelian genetic lab exercises using Drosophila. It is inexpensive, concept-rich and investigative, permits the introduction of parametr ...
Experimental matings: Df/wt x wt
... reproductive tract (often chambers called storage organs) for various periods of time between the start of sperm transfer and when sperm leave the reproductive tract (Bloch Qazi et al., 2003). This phenomenon is called female sperm storage. Females frequently mate repeatedly over the course of the ...
... reproductive tract (often chambers called storage organs) for various periods of time between the start of sperm transfer and when sperm leave the reproductive tract (Bloch Qazi et al., 2003). This phenomenon is called female sperm storage. Females frequently mate repeatedly over the course of the ...
Low fertility of wild hybrid male flycatchers despite recent divergence
... divergence between two populations increases, the strength of selection against hybrids is likely to increase. Extrinsic sources of postzygotic isolation, when hybrids experience lower fitness for ecological reasons or owing to lower sexual attractiveness, are thought to play an important role at ea ...
... divergence between two populations increases, the strength of selection against hybrids is likely to increase. Extrinsic sources of postzygotic isolation, when hybrids experience lower fitness for ecological reasons or owing to lower sexual attractiveness, are thought to play an important role at ea ...
Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is a phenotypic differentiation between males and females of the same species. This differentiation happens in organisms who reproduce through sexual reproduction, with the prototypical example being for differences in characteristics of reproductive organs. Other possible examples are for secondary sex characteristics, body size, physical strength and morphology, ornamentation, behavior and other bodily traits. Traits such as ornamentation and breeding behavior found in only one sex imply that sexual selection over an extended period of time leads to sexual dimorphism.