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Mysterious Meiosis
Mysterious Meiosis

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... a set of information about its traits in its gametes. Therefore each individual possesses two factors (genes) for each trait. Each factor exhibits many possible forms (alleles) that do not influence one another; each remains discrete within the cell. An individual may be homozygous and possess two i ...
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... ern blot was prepared using BamHI-digested DNA. Hybridization of the Southern blot with a TCR-p probez4is shown in Fig 1A. As controls, DNAs from the KB and HPB cell lines were included. A germline band of 23 kb and two smaller rearranged bands for the TCR-p gene were observed for the Kl3 and HPB ce ...
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C2005/F2401 `07 -- Lecture 19 -- Last Edited
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... nuclear membrane starts to break down. Chromosomes are doubled (2 chromatids/chromosome) but the two sister chromatids can stick together and appear as a single unit. So chromosomes may not look doubled (in microscope) even though they are. When they don't look doubled, the centromere is often visib ...
Week 2 - University of Texas Health Science Center at San
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... complimentary allele must be lost before a cancer develops. Not true with oncogenes!  Dominant negative mutation: a non-functioning protein also prevents a normal protein from functioning appropriately (e.g Marfan’s syndrome)  Heteroplasmy: Both NL and mut mtDNA results in variable expression in m ...
the x chromosome in population genetics
the x chromosome in population genetics

... The mutation rate can make a locus uninformative by being either too high or too low. If the rate is too low (compared with the age of the locus), there will be too little genetic variation to study, but if the rate is too high, recurrent mutations will occur at every site and will obscure the proce ...
Wheat-barley hybrids
Wheat-barley hybrids

... excised and cultured on a sterile growth medium; even then few embryos survive (less than 1 percent). In the early 1970s Anthon Kruse, working in Denmark, discovered a simple embryo rescue technique. He placed the hybrid embryo on immature endosperm excised from the developing seed of one of the par ...
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Skewed X-inactivation

Skewed X chromosome inactivation occurs when the inactivation of one X chromosome is favored over the other, leading to an uneven number of cells with each chromosome inactivated. It is usually defined as one allele being found on the active X chromosome in over 75% of cells, and extreme skewing is when over 90% of cells have inactivated the same X chromosome. It can be caused by primary nonrandom inactivation, either by chance due to a small cell pool or directed by genes, or caused by secondary nonrandom inactivation, which occurs by selection. Most females will have some levels of skewing. It is relatively common in adult females; around 35% of women have skewed ratio over 70:30, and 7% of women have an extreme skewed ratio of over 90:10. This is of medical significance due to the potential for the expression of disease genes present on the X chromosome that are normally not expressed due to random X inactivation. X chromosome inactivation occurs in females to provide dosage compensation between the sexes. If females kept both X chromosomes active they would have twice the number of active X genes than males, who only have one copy of the X chromosome. At approximately the time of implantation (see Implantation (human embryo), one of the two X chromosomes is randomly selected for inactivation. The cell undergoes transcriptional and epigenetic changes to ensure this inactivation is permanent. All progeny from these initial cells will maintain the inactivation of the same chromosome, resulting in a mosaic pattern of cells in females.
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